Many of the fiction authors I know did not major in Creative Writing at a major University. Many of us, myself included, learned by attending classes sponsored by professional writing organizations, by doing it wrong and starting over again – several times – and with peer support. This may or may not be a longer and bumpier path to authorhood, but it is one many of us take.
Being in that category, I never learned all the technical “literary terms”, only the ones that counted and those often have simpler names.
I had never heard of a Bildungsroman, which I now know means, in the mysterious literary language, a “coming-of-age” story.
Being in that category, I never learned all the technical “literary terms”, only the ones that counted and those often have simpler names.
I had never heard of a Bildungsroman, which I now know means, in the mysterious literary language, a “coming-of-age” story.
All professions having their own “language” of words, phrases, nicknames, and abbreviations dealing with technicalities of the concepts and work, but when I looked into formal Literary Terms for creative writers and poets, it knocked my socks off.
LITERARY PURPOSE
The focus of the “literary purpose” is on the words themselves and on a conscious and deliberate arrangement of the words to produce a the effects the writer wants; an enriching effect. When you read a novel or a poem, or when you watch a movie or a TV comedy, or when you listen to a song, you are experiencing the literary purpose. Who knew?
A writer often expresses a worldview when using the literary purpose. The writer might comment on human nature or behavior. The reader gains insight to the human condition by understanding the writer's ideas. When used as a secondary purpose, the literary purpose enhances the primary purpose through figurative or poetic or playful language and often a sense of human struggle.
When literary purpose is the primary purpose, the writing should be fictional. As a secondary purpose, literary writing can be found in combination with the expressive or persuasive purpose. Because literary writing is figurative, it is seldom found in combination with referential writing, which is literal.
The focus of the “literary purpose” is on the words themselves and on a conscious and deliberate arrangement of the words to produce a the effects the writer wants; an enriching effect. When you read a novel or a poem, or when you watch a movie or a TV comedy, or when you listen to a song, you are experiencing the literary purpose. Who knew?
A writer often expresses a worldview when using the literary purpose. The writer might comment on human nature or behavior. The reader gains insight to the human condition by understanding the writer's ideas. When used as a secondary purpose, the literary purpose enhances the primary purpose through figurative or poetic or playful language and often a sense of human struggle.
When literary purpose is the primary purpose, the writing should be fictional. As a secondary purpose, literary writing can be found in combination with the expressive or persuasive purpose. Because literary writing is figurative, it is seldom found in combination with referential writing, which is literal.
LITERARY TERMS
Literary Terms refer to the techniques, styles, and formatting used by writers to masterfully emphasize, embellish, or strengthen their compositions: Literary Devices. Among other things, literary devices can refer to playful techniques employed by comedians to make us laugh or witty tricks wordsmiths use to coin new words or phrases.” literaryterms.net/text=Literary
Literary Terms refer to the techniques, styles, and formatting used by writers to masterfully emphasize, embellish, or strengthen their compositions: Literary Devices. Among other things, literary devices can refer to playful techniques employed by comedians to make us laugh or witty tricks wordsmiths use to coin new words or phrases.” literaryterms.net/text=Literary
There are several problems working with an alphabetical list of Literary Terms. First, there are various categories of terms which are all mixed in together. Types of literature [poetry, prose, sonnets, folk tales, anecdotes, haiku, etc.] are mixed in together the terms referring to the types of story [mystery, romance, comedy, etc.], parts of speech, and other categories of terms.
Second, many of the terms are words that every writer already knows and understands [plot, character, setting, etc.] A few are tricky in that they are common words but have a slightly different meaning for writers than usual usage [conceit, apostrophe].
Second, many of the terms are words that every writer already knows and understands [plot, character, setting, etc.] A few are tricky in that they are common words but have a slightly different meaning for writers than usual usage [conceit, apostrophe].
Third, the rest are mostly literary or rhetorical devices in some unidentified, foreign language which is a trick to make us all learn Greek. My impression is that some very well-read intellectual – a Greek scholar, perhaps – made them up to justify all the things great writers do which are inconsistent with the basic rules of English grammar and punctuation. As my mentor, Sid Stebel, always said, “A writer can do anything if it works.”
Still, if you choose to read the definitions, there are useful bits information which a writer can employ. For example, did you know that using Syndeton slows down the pace, whereas Asyndeton speeds it up.
Fourth, your spell check may suffer a nervous breakdown. Mine is still catatonic.
“Your spell checker had a nervous nervous breakdown."
TERMS YOU MAY NEVER NEED TO KNOW
While I am not a great fan of wasting time, I also believe that writers should be aware of Literary Terms and know where to look if the need for a literary device occurs. The list of sources should give you what you need.
Just for the fun of it, I’ve decided to feature one or two terms in my weekly newsletter, but to give you a taste, below you will find most of the terms beginning with the letter "A" that were unfamiliar to me.
Have fun!
Note: Most of these terms, definitions, examples, and commentary were copied from the following article, modified with editing and thoughts of my own, and information from the other listed sources.
https://literaryterms.net/#:~:text=Literary%20Terms%20Literary
Fourth, your spell check may suffer a nervous breakdown. Mine is still catatonic.
“Your spell checker had a nervous nervous breakdown."
TERMS YOU MAY NEVER NEED TO KNOW
While I am not a great fan of wasting time, I also believe that writers should be aware of Literary Terms and know where to look if the need for a literary device occurs. The list of sources should give you what you need.
Just for the fun of it, I’ve decided to feature one or two terms in my weekly newsletter, but to give you a taste, below you will find most of the terms beginning with the letter "A" that were unfamiliar to me.
Have fun!
Note: Most of these terms, definitions, examples, and commentary were copied from the following article, modified with editing and thoughts of my own, and information from the other listed sources.
https://literaryterms.net/#:~:text=Literary%20Terms%20Literary
Abecedarius
Definition
An abecedarius is an Acrostic where the first letter of every word or verse follows the order of the alphabet. For example, in the sentence A Bear Climbed Down, the first letter of every word is in alphabetical order: A, B, C, D.
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Acrostic
Definition
A form of writing where the first letter of each line, paragraph, or verse spells out a word or a message.
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Adynaton
Definition
Adynaton is a rhetorical device, a form of hyperbole, in which exaggeration is taken to a great extreme where it seems impossible. In other words, when hyperbole is magnified to such an extent that it is completely unfeasible, it is called adynaton. Ideas in the use of adynaton are exaggerated in order to emphasize something.
Definition
An abecedarius is an Acrostic where the first letter of every word or verse follows the order of the alphabet. For example, in the sentence A Bear Climbed Down, the first letter of every word is in alphabetical order: A, B, C, D.
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Acrostic
Definition
A form of writing where the first letter of each line, paragraph, or verse spells out a word or a message.
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Adynaton
Definition
Adynaton is a rhetorical device, a form of hyperbole, in which exaggeration is taken to a great extreme where it seems impossible. In other words, when hyperbole is magnified to such an extent that it is completely unfeasible, it is called adynaton. Ideas in the use of adynaton are exaggerated in order to emphasize something.
Adynaton and Hyperbole
Adynaton is a kind of hyperbole, though it is an extreme form. When hyperbole goes to an extreme level, that is completely impossible in reality, it is called adynaton. It is presented as an exaggerated comparison or contrast.
Adynaton is a kind of hyperbole, though it is an extreme form. When hyperbole goes to an extreme level, that is completely impossible in reality, it is called adynaton. It is presented as an exaggerated comparison or contrast.
Function of Adynaton
Adynaton is used to create exaggeration, in order to emphasize some point. The basic purpose of using adynaton is to draw the attention of the audience by overstating something or idea. Adynaton in the modern age is to create amusing effects by highlighting an idea.
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Adynaton is used to create exaggeration, in order to emphasize some point. The basic purpose of using adynaton is to draw the attention of the audience by overstating something or idea. Adynaton in the modern age is to create amusing effects by highlighting an idea.
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Amplification
Definition
Amplification is a rhetorical device writers use to embellish a sentence or statement by adding further information. The objective is to increase readability and worth of the statement or sentence when a simple sentence is abrupt, and cannot convey the desired implications. Writers then use amplification to make structural additions, and give further meanings by describing and repeating a certain statement or idea. The purpose of this rhetorical device is to bring the readers’ attention to an idea, which they may miss otherwise.
Function of Amplification
By using amplification, writers repeat something they already have said with the purpose to add more information and details to the original description. In writing and speech, amplification tends to highlight the importance of an idea, to stimulate an emotional response among the audience. In fact, it adds an exaggeration, increases the rhetorical effect, and emphasizes to further elaborate definitions, descriptions, and arguments in a piece.
_________________________________________________________________________Anacoluthon
Definition
Anacoluthont is a stylistic device defined as a syntactic deviation, and interruption within a sentence from one structure to another. In this interruption, the expected sequence of grammar is absent. The grammatical flow of sentences is interrupted in order to begin more sentences.
Characteristics of Anacoluthon
It is employed intentionally, unintentionally, or as a rhetorical device. In rhetoric, anacoluthon is also known as a figure of disorder in which the syntax of a sentence does not correlate with whatever is expected. However, it should not to be mixed-up with hyperbaton which also involves a change in the normal position of words, phrases, and sentences.
Anacoluthon is the interruption within a sentence from one construction to another against the expected. The common use of anacoluthon is to imitate a thought or speech, and then logical order of the sentence. This change can occur within a sentence or in the form of tense.
Function of Anacoluthon
This shifts the necessary information towards the start of the sentence. In casual conversation, it is used in such a way that the sentence would not be considered correct grammatically. In written works, however, it is employed to imitate ungrammatical, confused, and informal speech, and to draw the attention of readers.
Anacoluthon is well-suited to the stream of consciousness writing style that is planned to signify thoughts in proximity to one another, because thoughts are not always consistent and hardly grammatically correct.
_________________________________________________________________________Anadiplosis
Definition
Anadiplosis refers to the repetition of a word or words in successive clauses in such a way that the second clause starts with the same word which marks the end of the previous clause.
Anadiplosis exhibits a typical pattern of repeating a word. For example, the repetition of the word “give” in the sentence “When I give, I give myself” is termed anadiplosis, as it occurs at the end of the first clause and marks the beginning of the following clause.
Similarly, notice how the use of anadiplosis repeats in its typical fashion the word “reliability” to highlight the main point of the sentence, “This public school has a record of extraordinary reliability, a reliability that every other school is jealous of in the city.”
Anadiplosis and Chiasmus
Anadiplosis is part of another figure of speech, chiasmus. However, every anadiplosis does not necessarily reverse its structure like it is done in chiasmus. For instance, “Forget what you want to remember, and remember what you want to forget” is an example of chiasmus [as it involves a reversal of structure in the second clause] and anadiplosis, as the word “remember” marks the end of one clause and the start of the subsequent clause.
Anadiplosis does not always employ a reversal of structure as in the sentence “The land of my fathers, and my fathers can have it.” It is an example of anadiplosis involving a typical repetition of the word “my fathers” but, unlike chiasmus, the structure of the final clause is not reversed.
Function of Anadiplosis
It repeats a word in quick succession, in successive clauses, in order to add emphasis to the main idea. This works because readers tend to focus on the repetition of words, and thereby on the idea emphasized by them.
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Anagnorisis
Definition
Anagnorisis refers to a moment of insight in a story’s plot in which a character, usually the protagonist, shifts from ignorance to awareness. The moment of anagnorisis may be a realization about the character’s self, their situation, or something about a different character. This may include revelation of a character’s true identity, their actual relationship with another character, or their misinterpretation of something important. As a literary device, anagnorisis is often utilized as a turning point in the plot of a story that leads to a resolution.
Definition
Amplification is a rhetorical device writers use to embellish a sentence or statement by adding further information. The objective is to increase readability and worth of the statement or sentence when a simple sentence is abrupt, and cannot convey the desired implications. Writers then use amplification to make structural additions, and give further meanings by describing and repeating a certain statement or idea. The purpose of this rhetorical device is to bring the readers’ attention to an idea, which they may miss otherwise.
Function of Amplification
By using amplification, writers repeat something they already have said with the purpose to add more information and details to the original description. In writing and speech, amplification tends to highlight the importance of an idea, to stimulate an emotional response among the audience. In fact, it adds an exaggeration, increases the rhetorical effect, and emphasizes to further elaborate definitions, descriptions, and arguments in a piece.
_________________________________________________________________________Anacoluthon
Definition
Anacoluthont is a stylistic device defined as a syntactic deviation, and interruption within a sentence from one structure to another. In this interruption, the expected sequence of grammar is absent. The grammatical flow of sentences is interrupted in order to begin more sentences.
Characteristics of Anacoluthon
It is employed intentionally, unintentionally, or as a rhetorical device. In rhetoric, anacoluthon is also known as a figure of disorder in which the syntax of a sentence does not correlate with whatever is expected. However, it should not to be mixed-up with hyperbaton which also involves a change in the normal position of words, phrases, and sentences.
Anacoluthon is the interruption within a sentence from one construction to another against the expected. The common use of anacoluthon is to imitate a thought or speech, and then logical order of the sentence. This change can occur within a sentence or in the form of tense.
Function of Anacoluthon
This shifts the necessary information towards the start of the sentence. In casual conversation, it is used in such a way that the sentence would not be considered correct grammatically. In written works, however, it is employed to imitate ungrammatical, confused, and informal speech, and to draw the attention of readers.
Anacoluthon is well-suited to the stream of consciousness writing style that is planned to signify thoughts in proximity to one another, because thoughts are not always consistent and hardly grammatically correct.
_________________________________________________________________________Anadiplosis
Definition
Anadiplosis refers to the repetition of a word or words in successive clauses in such a way that the second clause starts with the same word which marks the end of the previous clause.
Anadiplosis exhibits a typical pattern of repeating a word. For example, the repetition of the word “give” in the sentence “When I give, I give myself” is termed anadiplosis, as it occurs at the end of the first clause and marks the beginning of the following clause.
Similarly, notice how the use of anadiplosis repeats in its typical fashion the word “reliability” to highlight the main point of the sentence, “This public school has a record of extraordinary reliability, a reliability that every other school is jealous of in the city.”
Anadiplosis and Chiasmus
Anadiplosis is part of another figure of speech, chiasmus. However, every anadiplosis does not necessarily reverse its structure like it is done in chiasmus. For instance, “Forget what you want to remember, and remember what you want to forget” is an example of chiasmus [as it involves a reversal of structure in the second clause] and anadiplosis, as the word “remember” marks the end of one clause and the start of the subsequent clause.
Anadiplosis does not always employ a reversal of structure as in the sentence “The land of my fathers, and my fathers can have it.” It is an example of anadiplosis involving a typical repetition of the word “my fathers” but, unlike chiasmus, the structure of the final clause is not reversed.
Function of Anadiplosis
It repeats a word in quick succession, in successive clauses, in order to add emphasis to the main idea. This works because readers tend to focus on the repetition of words, and thereby on the idea emphasized by them.
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Anagnorisis
Definition
Anagnorisis refers to a moment of insight in a story’s plot in which a character, usually the protagonist, shifts from ignorance to awareness. The moment of anagnorisis may be a realization about the character’s self, their situation, or something about a different character. This may include revelation of a character’s true identity, their actual relationship with another character, or their misinterpretation of something important. As a literary device, anagnorisis is often utilized as a turning point in the plot of a story that leads to a resolution.
The moment in which the protagonist receives insight or enlightenment in terms of their own character, another character, or the dramatic situation in which they find themselves allows the plot to achieve its necessary resolution for the reader.
Difference Between Anagnorisis and Denouement
In literary works, anagnorisis and denouement may appear to be the same. However, they are distinct in their relationship to plot in a work of literature and their function within a literary narrative. In fact, it is often the moment of anagnorisis that leads to a narrative’s denouement. Anagnorisis may be the catalyst to how a narrative is resolved, whereas denouement is the end of a story’s narrative arc.
Function of Anagnorisis
Anagnorisis most often appears in modern works of literature as a character’s moment of ephiany in which they experience a surprising discovery that reveals something about their character, another character, or their situation. Overall, anagnorisis creates memorable moments of insight.
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Anaphora
Definition
Anaphora is a rhetorical device that features repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive sentences, phrases, or clauses, allowing writers to convey, emphasize, and reinforce meaning. This word repetition at the beginning of each phrase in a group of sentences or clauses is a stylized technique that can be very effective.
Difference Between Anagnorisis and Denouement
In literary works, anagnorisis and denouement may appear to be the same. However, they are distinct in their relationship to plot in a work of literature and their function within a literary narrative. In fact, it is often the moment of anagnorisis that leads to a narrative’s denouement. Anagnorisis may be the catalyst to how a narrative is resolved, whereas denouement is the end of a story’s narrative arc.
Function of Anagnorisis
Anagnorisis most often appears in modern works of literature as a character’s moment of ephiany in which they experience a surprising discovery that reveals something about their character, another character, or their situation. Overall, anagnorisis creates memorable moments of insight.
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Anaphora
Definition
Anaphora is a rhetorical device that features repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive sentences, phrases, or clauses, allowing writers to convey, emphasize, and reinforce meaning. This word repetition at the beginning of each phrase in a group of sentences or clauses is a stylized technique that can be very effective.
One of the most famous uses of anaphora is the beginning of A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens.
“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness…”
Through repetition of the phrase “it was,” Dickens reinforces to the reader that the time he is describing is a past filled with oppositions and extremes in way that engages the reader immediately with the story.
Example of Anaphora in Prose
In prose, anaphora can provide a rhythm to words and phrases. This can have a strong effect on an audience by appealing to emotions, inspiration, motivation, and even memory. Such a pattern of repetition captures the attention of the reader and can create a lasting impression.
Example: “We came, we saw, we conquered.” [translated from Latin, attributed to Julius Caesar in letter to Roman senate]
Difference Between Anaphora and Repetition
In a general sense, anaphora is repetition. However, anaphora is specific in its intent to repeat. Nonspecific repetition of words or phrases can take place anywhere in writing. With anaphora, the repetition is of a word or phrase at the beginning of consecutive sentences, phrases, or clauses. Therefore, this repetition is intentional for literary or rhetorical effect.
Function of Anaphora
As a literary device, anaphora functions as a means of emphasizing words and ideas. Also, it can also provide a lyrical and artistic effect. When used properly, anaphora can evoke emotion, reinforce or emphasize a concept, and create urgency or a call to action. When used poorly, however, anaphora can be alienate the reader by appearing to distracting and forced.
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Antanaclasis
Definition
Antanaclasis is a rhetorical device in which a phrasae or word is repeatedly used, though the meaning of the word changes in each case. It is the repetition of a similar word in a sentence with different meanings, or a word is repeated in two or more different senses. Many of Shakespeare’s literary pieces contain examples of antanaclasis. Like in these lines, “Put out the light, then put out the light…” [Othello]. The first meaning is that Othello would extinguish the candle, and in the second reference its meaning is that he would end Desdemona’s life.
Difference Between Epizeuxis and Antanaclasis
There is a slight difference between epizeuxs and antanaclasis, though both mean the repetition of words. In epizeuxis, the words or phrases are repeated in a succession in the same sentence or line. Such as in this passage, “Alone, alone, all all alone, /Alone on a wide, wide sea…”[ Ancient Mariner The Rime of the], by Samuel Coleridge. The words or phrases are repeated in a sentence or passage with different meanings.
Function of Antanaclasis
Antanaclasis helps in giving an exciting contrast with different meanings of the same word. It enhances the dramatic and persuasive impact of a piece of writing or speech. Antanaclasis creates comic effect when used in the form of irony and pun. Apart from that, it makes the literary text memorable due to repetition. It is used as a rhetorical device in poetry, prose, and political speeches. Political leaders make use of this technique in order to persuade and draw the attention of their audiences.
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Anthimeria
Definition
Anthimeria is a rhetorical device that uses a word in a new grammatical shape, often as a noun or a verb. Simply, it replaces one part of speech with another. Using nouns as verbs has become such a common practice that now many nouns are often used as verbs. In grammar studies, anthimeria has another name, “functional shift,” or “conversion.” In fact, language is always fluid, and is in constant transformation. Therefore, use of a verb as a noun or vice versa is not a surprise for linguists.
Function of Anthimeria
Anthimeria is very common in novels, short stories and particularly in poetry, where such replacement evokes mild emotions of confusion. The device provides writers a method to describe ideas in a unique way that makes the readers think. Sometimes, writers use a new word to create images and imagery.
_________________________________________________________________________Anthropomorphism
Definition
Anthropomorphism is a literary device that can be defined as a technique in which a writer ascribes human traits, ambitions, emotions, or entire behaviors to animals, non-human beings, natural phenomena, or objects.
Difference Between Anthropomorphism and Personification
Anthropomorphism is also a type of personification that gives human characteristics to non-humans or objects, especially animals. However, there is a slight difference between these two. Personification is an act of giving human characteristics to animals or objects to create imagery, while anthropomorphism aims to make an animal or object behave and appear like it is a human being. Pinocchio, the famous wooden doll, was anthropomorphized when he was given the ability to talk, walk, think, and feel like real boy.
Function of Anthropomorphism
The primary reason for using anthropomorphism is to make a wider appeal to the readers. With the use of objects or animals, the story can become visually appealing and non-threatening. Hence, it could attract the attention of a wider audience [including children] by presenting animated characters in tales and animated movies. In literature, it serves as an effective tool for creating political and social satires. Hence, it has a wider scope than merely to entertain children.
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Antimetabole
Definition
Antimetabole is a literary term or device that involves repeating a phrase in reverse order. Example: “You like it; it likes you.”
Chiasmus and antimetabole are usually expected to be overlapped in usage, and this overlap is also often used as a synonym for epanados [the repeating of a phrase or sentence in reverse order]. However, the writer would make them distinct through his use. Example: “Eat to live, not live to eat.” – Socrates
Difference Between Chiasmus and Antimetabole
Antimetabole and chiasmus are very closely related, and some experts even use them interchangeably. However, both the terms still exist to refer to two distinct literary devices. When a sentence is repeated by reversing it, so as to convey an idea or stress a point, it is called chiasmus [a sentence repeated inversely]. The only condition of a chiasmic sentence is that the two clauses in the phrase are opposite in meaning.
For example, the popular saying by Havelock Ellis: “Charm is a woman’s strength, strength is a man’s charm,” the sentence is an example of chiasmus, but is not an antimetabole. This is because the two clauses have opposite meanings, but the words and the grammatical makeup are dissimilar.
In an antimetabole the word order in a sentence is reversed to contrast the meanings. One very good example is Mae West’s catchphrase, “It’s not the men in my life; it’s the life in my men.” In this sentence the words, rhythm, and grammatical structure in the second phrase are exactly similar to the first one, but the meaning is opposite.
Functions of Antimetabole
For antimetabole to be effective, it does not only have to be grammatically correct, but should also be logical. People, after studying literature for a while, start thinking that they can churn out antimetaboles with a snap of a finger. They fail to understand the fact that a sentence cannot be called an antimetabole if it is not based on a logical theme.
Antimetaboles are popular and effective solely because they appeal to reason and are easy to remember. If the first half is relatable, then the reader or listener will automatically make sense of the second half. For example, “It is not about the years in your life, but about the life in your years.” A sentence like this can be called an antimetabole because it is appealing, correct [logically and grammatically] and has a message to convey to the readers.
_________________________________________________________________________Antiphrasis
Definition
Antiphrasis is a figurative speech in which a phrase or word is employed in a way that is opposite to its literal meaning, in order to create an ironic or comic effect. In simple words, it is the use of phrases or words in their opposite sense from the real meaning.
“Yes, I killed him. I killed him for money–and a woman–and I didn’t get the money and I didn’t get the woman. Pretty, isn’t it…” [Double Indemnity, by Billy Wilder and Raymond Chandler]. Here, the speaker is making an ironic statement by using the opposite sense of the word “pretty".
Function of Antiphrasis
Like other rhetorical devices, antiphrasis also brings about additional meanings to a text and situation. The use of opposite meanings of situations and statements in literature draws readers’ interest. Besides, it makes the literary piece of writing more captivating, and helps the readers make use of their own thoughts, and understand the underlying meaning of the words and phrases.
_________________________________________________________________________Antistrophe
Definition
Antistrophe is a rhetorical device that involves the repetition of the same words at the end of consecutive phrases, clauses, sentences, and paragraphs.
“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness…”
Through repetition of the phrase “it was,” Dickens reinforces to the reader that the time he is describing is a past filled with oppositions and extremes in way that engages the reader immediately with the story.
Example of Anaphora in Prose
In prose, anaphora can provide a rhythm to words and phrases. This can have a strong effect on an audience by appealing to emotions, inspiration, motivation, and even memory. Such a pattern of repetition captures the attention of the reader and can create a lasting impression.
Example: “We came, we saw, we conquered.” [translated from Latin, attributed to Julius Caesar in letter to Roman senate]
Difference Between Anaphora and Repetition
In a general sense, anaphora is repetition. However, anaphora is specific in its intent to repeat. Nonspecific repetition of words or phrases can take place anywhere in writing. With anaphora, the repetition is of a word or phrase at the beginning of consecutive sentences, phrases, or clauses. Therefore, this repetition is intentional for literary or rhetorical effect.
Function of Anaphora
As a literary device, anaphora functions as a means of emphasizing words and ideas. Also, it can also provide a lyrical and artistic effect. When used properly, anaphora can evoke emotion, reinforce or emphasize a concept, and create urgency or a call to action. When used poorly, however, anaphora can be alienate the reader by appearing to distracting and forced.
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Antanaclasis
Definition
Antanaclasis is a rhetorical device in which a phrasae or word is repeatedly used, though the meaning of the word changes in each case. It is the repetition of a similar word in a sentence with different meanings, or a word is repeated in two or more different senses. Many of Shakespeare’s literary pieces contain examples of antanaclasis. Like in these lines, “Put out the light, then put out the light…” [Othello]. The first meaning is that Othello would extinguish the candle, and in the second reference its meaning is that he would end Desdemona’s life.
Difference Between Epizeuxis and Antanaclasis
There is a slight difference between epizeuxs and antanaclasis, though both mean the repetition of words. In epizeuxis, the words or phrases are repeated in a succession in the same sentence or line. Such as in this passage, “Alone, alone, all all alone, /Alone on a wide, wide sea…”[ Ancient Mariner The Rime of the], by Samuel Coleridge. The words or phrases are repeated in a sentence or passage with different meanings.
Function of Antanaclasis
Antanaclasis helps in giving an exciting contrast with different meanings of the same word. It enhances the dramatic and persuasive impact of a piece of writing or speech. Antanaclasis creates comic effect when used in the form of irony and pun. Apart from that, it makes the literary text memorable due to repetition. It is used as a rhetorical device in poetry, prose, and political speeches. Political leaders make use of this technique in order to persuade and draw the attention of their audiences.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Anthimeria
Definition
Anthimeria is a rhetorical device that uses a word in a new grammatical shape, often as a noun or a verb. Simply, it replaces one part of speech with another. Using nouns as verbs has become such a common practice that now many nouns are often used as verbs. In grammar studies, anthimeria has another name, “functional shift,” or “conversion.” In fact, language is always fluid, and is in constant transformation. Therefore, use of a verb as a noun or vice versa is not a surprise for linguists.
Function of Anthimeria
Anthimeria is very common in novels, short stories and particularly in poetry, where such replacement evokes mild emotions of confusion. The device provides writers a method to describe ideas in a unique way that makes the readers think. Sometimes, writers use a new word to create images and imagery.
_________________________________________________________________________Anthropomorphism
Definition
Anthropomorphism is a literary device that can be defined as a technique in which a writer ascribes human traits, ambitions, emotions, or entire behaviors to animals, non-human beings, natural phenomena, or objects.
Difference Between Anthropomorphism and Personification
Anthropomorphism is also a type of personification that gives human characteristics to non-humans or objects, especially animals. However, there is a slight difference between these two. Personification is an act of giving human characteristics to animals or objects to create imagery, while anthropomorphism aims to make an animal or object behave and appear like it is a human being. Pinocchio, the famous wooden doll, was anthropomorphized when he was given the ability to talk, walk, think, and feel like real boy.
Function of Anthropomorphism
The primary reason for using anthropomorphism is to make a wider appeal to the readers. With the use of objects or animals, the story can become visually appealing and non-threatening. Hence, it could attract the attention of a wider audience [including children] by presenting animated characters in tales and animated movies. In literature, it serves as an effective tool for creating political and social satires. Hence, it has a wider scope than merely to entertain children.
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Antimetabole
Definition
Antimetabole is a literary term or device that involves repeating a phrase in reverse order. Example: “You like it; it likes you.”
Chiasmus and antimetabole are usually expected to be overlapped in usage, and this overlap is also often used as a synonym for epanados [the repeating of a phrase or sentence in reverse order]. However, the writer would make them distinct through his use. Example: “Eat to live, not live to eat.” – Socrates
Difference Between Chiasmus and Antimetabole
Antimetabole and chiasmus are very closely related, and some experts even use them interchangeably. However, both the terms still exist to refer to two distinct literary devices. When a sentence is repeated by reversing it, so as to convey an idea or stress a point, it is called chiasmus [a sentence repeated inversely]. The only condition of a chiasmic sentence is that the two clauses in the phrase are opposite in meaning.
For example, the popular saying by Havelock Ellis: “Charm is a woman’s strength, strength is a man’s charm,” the sentence is an example of chiasmus, but is not an antimetabole. This is because the two clauses have opposite meanings, but the words and the grammatical makeup are dissimilar.
In an antimetabole the word order in a sentence is reversed to contrast the meanings. One very good example is Mae West’s catchphrase, “It’s not the men in my life; it’s the life in my men.” In this sentence the words, rhythm, and grammatical structure in the second phrase are exactly similar to the first one, but the meaning is opposite.
Functions of Antimetabole
For antimetabole to be effective, it does not only have to be grammatically correct, but should also be logical. People, after studying literature for a while, start thinking that they can churn out antimetaboles with a snap of a finger. They fail to understand the fact that a sentence cannot be called an antimetabole if it is not based on a logical theme.
Antimetaboles are popular and effective solely because they appeal to reason and are easy to remember. If the first half is relatable, then the reader or listener will automatically make sense of the second half. For example, “It is not about the years in your life, but about the life in your years.” A sentence like this can be called an antimetabole because it is appealing, correct [logically and grammatically] and has a message to convey to the readers.
_________________________________________________________________________Antiphrasis
Definition
Antiphrasis is a figurative speech in which a phrase or word is employed in a way that is opposite to its literal meaning, in order to create an ironic or comic effect. In simple words, it is the use of phrases or words in their opposite sense from the real meaning.
“Yes, I killed him. I killed him for money–and a woman–and I didn’t get the money and I didn’t get the woman. Pretty, isn’t it…” [Double Indemnity, by Billy Wilder and Raymond Chandler]. Here, the speaker is making an ironic statement by using the opposite sense of the word “pretty".
Function of Antiphrasis
Like other rhetorical devices, antiphrasis also brings about additional meanings to a text and situation. The use of opposite meanings of situations and statements in literature draws readers’ interest. Besides, it makes the literary piece of writing more captivating, and helps the readers make use of their own thoughts, and understand the underlying meaning of the words and phrases.
_________________________________________________________________________Antistrophe
Definition
Antistrophe is a rhetorical device that involves the repetition of the same words at the end of consecutive phrases, clauses, sentences, and paragraphs.
Example: “A day may come when the courage of men fails, when we forsake our friends and break all bonds of fellowship. But it is not this day. An hour of wolves and shattered shields, when the age of men comes crashing down! But it is not this day! This day we fight! “ [The Return of the King, by J. R. R. Tolkien]
Similarity with Epistrophe
Antistrophe is similar to epistrophe, which also involves the repetition of words at the ends of successive clauses or sentences. However, it is opposite to anaphora, which is a repetition of words at the beginning of sentences or clauses.
Function of Antistrophe
The main function of this rhetorical device is to place emphasis on a particular thought or idea. The repetition of words helps in making the text pleasurable to read. The pattern and rhythm created with the use of antistrophe enables writers to appeal to readers’ emotions, and helps them appreciate a text better.
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Aphorism
Definition
Aphorism is a statement of truth or opinion expressed in a concise and witty, or terse manner. The term is often applied to philosophical, moral, and literary principles. The fact that they contain a truth gives them a universal acceptance.
Aphorisms often come with a pinch of humor, which makes them more appealing to the masses. Proverbs, maxims, adages, and clichés are different forms of aphoristic statements that gain prevalence.
_________________________________________________________________________ Aphorismus
Definition
Aphorismus is a figure of speech that brings into question the meaning of words, in case the words are used inappropriately. Aphorismus often appears as a rhetorical question used to create a difference between the current situation being discussed and the general idea of the subject.
Difference Between Aphorismus and AphorismAphorismus should not be confused with aphorism because aphorismus challenges the meaning of words by pointing out a question.
Example: “I am Pozzo! [Silence.] Pozzo! [Silence.] Does that name mean nothing to you? [Silence.] I say does that name mean nothing to you?”
Similarity with Epistrophe
Antistrophe is similar to epistrophe, which also involves the repetition of words at the ends of successive clauses or sentences. However, it is opposite to anaphora, which is a repetition of words at the beginning of sentences or clauses.
Function of Antistrophe
The main function of this rhetorical device is to place emphasis on a particular thought or idea. The repetition of words helps in making the text pleasurable to read. The pattern and rhythm created with the use of antistrophe enables writers to appeal to readers’ emotions, and helps them appreciate a text better.
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Aphorism
Definition
Aphorism is a statement of truth or opinion expressed in a concise and witty, or terse manner. The term is often applied to philosophical, moral, and literary principles. The fact that they contain a truth gives them a universal acceptance.
Aphorisms often come with a pinch of humor, which makes them more appealing to the masses. Proverbs, maxims, adages, and clichés are different forms of aphoristic statements that gain prevalence.
_________________________________________________________________________ Aphorismus
Definition
Aphorismus is a figure of speech that brings into question the meaning of words, in case the words are used inappropriately. Aphorismus often appears as a rhetorical question used to create a difference between the current situation being discussed and the general idea of the subject.
Difference Between Aphorismus and AphorismAphorismus should not be confused with aphorism because aphorismus challenges the meaning of words by pointing out a question.
Example: “I am Pozzo! [Silence.] Pozzo! [Silence.] Does that name mean nothing to you? [Silence.] I say does that name mean nothing to you?”
However, aphorism is a different figure of speech, which is a brief statement containing personal truth, or a phrase that conveys a principle of thought. In these lines, Francis Bacon has said:
“Praise is the reflection of the virtue. But it is the reflection glass or body which giveth the reflection.” [Of Praise, by Francis Bacon]
Function of Aphorismus
The role of aphorismus is to emphasize the meanings of a sentence or phrase by challenging or raising questions about it. It brings into question the underlying meanings words and phrases, since the meaning of words can have a variety of connotations which help extend and enrich the language.
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Aporia
Definition
Aporia is a figure of speech wherein a speaker purports or expresses doubt or perplexity regarding a question [often feigned], and asks the reader how to proceed. The doubts may appear as a rhetoric question, often in the beginning of the text.
Aporia is a logical paradox in which the speaker sows seeds of doubt on a subject. This rhetorical strategy can make the reader feel sympathetic toward the view point character regarding the dilemma he is in. It is also called “dubitation,” which means that the uncertainty is always untruthful.
“Praise is the reflection of the virtue. But it is the reflection glass or body which giveth the reflection.” [Of Praise, by Francis Bacon]
Function of Aphorismus
The role of aphorismus is to emphasize the meanings of a sentence or phrase by challenging or raising questions about it. It brings into question the underlying meanings words and phrases, since the meaning of words can have a variety of connotations which help extend and enrich the language.
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Aporia
Definition
Aporia is a figure of speech wherein a speaker purports or expresses doubt or perplexity regarding a question [often feigned], and asks the reader how to proceed. The doubts may appear as a rhetoric question, often in the beginning of the text.
Aporia is a logical paradox in which the speaker sows seeds of doubt on a subject. This rhetorical strategy can make the reader feel sympathetic toward the view point character regarding the dilemma he is in. It is also called “dubitation,” which means that the uncertainty is always untruthful.
Example:” Hamlet” [By William Shakespeare]
“To not to be: that is the question.
Whether ’tis nobler in the mind to suffer
The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,
Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,
And by opposing end them? To die: to sleep;
Than fly to others that we know not of?
Thus conscience does make cowards of us all…”
Here, the statement, “To be or not to be” introduces uncertainty that characterizes the paragraph.
Function of Aporia
Aporia is an expression of doubt or uncertainty. When uncertainty and doubt are genuine, it can indicate a real impasse, and stimulate the audience to consider different options for resolution. It could show the humbleness of a speaker if the doubt he expresses is genuine. Aporia causes uncertainty, and makes the reader discover the certainty through subsequent statements of the speaker. The main objective is to provide the reader’s chance to analyze and judge the situation.
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Aposiopesis
Definition
Aposiopesis is derived from a Greek word that means “becoming silent.” It is a rhetorical device that can be defined as a figure of speech in which the writer breaks off abruptly and leaves the statement incomplete. It is as if the speaker is not willing to state what is present in his mind, due to being overcome by passion, excitement, or fear. In a piece of literature, it means to leave a sentence unfinished, so that the reader can determine his own meanings.
Types of Aposiopesis
● Emotive aposiopesis – This type of aposiopesis is used in conditions of conflict between emotional outbursts of a character and an environment that does not react. Usually, the writer or character speaking pauses in the middle of a sentence.
● Calculated aposiopesis – This type of aposiopesis is based on the conflict of missing thought and its opposing force that rejects the substance of that thought. Hence, the idea is removed that is explicitly expressed afterwards.
● Audience-respecting aposiopesis – It is based on the removal of thoughts which are unpleasant or offensive to the readers.
● Transitio-aposiopesis – It removes the ideas from the end part of a speech in order to immediately get the audience interested in the subsequent section.
● Emphatic aposiopesis – It avoids the use of full utterance, to present the idea as greater and really inexpressible.
Some Forms of Aposiopesis
Sometimes a word is used to indicate something completely different from its literal meaning. Such as in this example, “Tis deepest winter in Lord Timon’s purse; that is, one may reach deep enough, and find little” [Timon of Athens, by William Shakespear].
● Sometimes a word is used to indicate something whose actual name is not used like, “A chair’s arm.”
● Sometimes a paradoxical statement is used to create illogical strained metaphors. Such as, “Take arms against a sea of troubles.”
● Abusio is a subtype of Aposiopesis, which results from the combination of two metaphors.
“To not to be: that is the question.
Whether ’tis nobler in the mind to suffer
The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,
Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,
And by opposing end them? To die: to sleep;
Than fly to others that we know not of?
Thus conscience does make cowards of us all…”
Here, the statement, “To be or not to be” introduces uncertainty that characterizes the paragraph.
Function of Aporia
Aporia is an expression of doubt or uncertainty. When uncertainty and doubt are genuine, it can indicate a real impasse, and stimulate the audience to consider different options for resolution. It could show the humbleness of a speaker if the doubt he expresses is genuine. Aporia causes uncertainty, and makes the reader discover the certainty through subsequent statements of the speaker. The main objective is to provide the reader’s chance to analyze and judge the situation.
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Aposiopesis
Definition
Aposiopesis is derived from a Greek word that means “becoming silent.” It is a rhetorical device that can be defined as a figure of speech in which the writer breaks off abruptly and leaves the statement incomplete. It is as if the speaker is not willing to state what is present in his mind, due to being overcome by passion, excitement, or fear. In a piece of literature, it means to leave a sentence unfinished, so that the reader can determine his own meanings.
Types of Aposiopesis
● Emotive aposiopesis – This type of aposiopesis is used in conditions of conflict between emotional outbursts of a character and an environment that does not react. Usually, the writer or character speaking pauses in the middle of a sentence.
● Calculated aposiopesis – This type of aposiopesis is based on the conflict of missing thought and its opposing force that rejects the substance of that thought. Hence, the idea is removed that is explicitly expressed afterwards.
● Audience-respecting aposiopesis – It is based on the removal of thoughts which are unpleasant or offensive to the readers.
● Transitio-aposiopesis – It removes the ideas from the end part of a speech in order to immediately get the audience interested in the subsequent section.
● Emphatic aposiopesis – It avoids the use of full utterance, to present the idea as greater and really inexpressible.
Some Forms of Aposiopesis
Sometimes a word is used to indicate something completely different from its literal meaning. Such as in this example, “Tis deepest winter in Lord Timon’s purse; that is, one may reach deep enough, and find little” [Timon of Athens, by William Shakespear].
● Sometimes a word is used to indicate something whose actual name is not used like, “A chair’s arm.”
● Sometimes a paradoxical statement is used to create illogical strained metaphors. Such as, “Take arms against a sea of troubles.”
● Abusio is a subtype of Aposiopesis, which results from the combination of two metaphors.
Example:
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer [By Mark Twain]
“She looked perplexed for a moment, and then said, not fiercely, but still loud enough for the furniture to hear:
‘Well, I lay if I get hold of you I’ll –’
She did not finish, for by this time she was bending down and punching under the bed with the broom, and so she needed breath to punctuate the punches with. She resurrected nothing but the cat …”
There are two examples of aposiopesis in this excerpt. First, the writer pauses at “hold of you I’ll –,” and then at the end of the excerpt, “nothing but the cat.” Both sentences are left incomplete. Notice the difference in punctuation.
Function of Aposiopesis
The purpose of using aposiopesis is to create dramatic or comic effect. The writers or speakers use it whenever they want to express ideas that are too overwhelming to finish. Several playwrights use this technique to make dialogues seem sincere and realistic. But the most effective use of aposiopesis is seen when readers successfully figure out the missing thoughts that the writer has left unfinished.
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Apostrophe
Definition
As a literary device, an apostrophe is a poetic phrase or speech made by a character who is addressed to a subject that is not present in the literary work. The subject may be dead, absent, an inanimate object, or even an abstract idea. A literary apostrophe is designed to direct a reader’s attention to the entity being addressed as a means of indicating its importance or significance. In addition, apostrophe is also utilized as a way for a character to express their internal thoughts and feelings to someone or something that is not able to respond.
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer [By Mark Twain]
“She looked perplexed for a moment, and then said, not fiercely, but still loud enough for the furniture to hear:
‘Well, I lay if I get hold of you I’ll –’
She did not finish, for by this time she was bending down and punching under the bed with the broom, and so she needed breath to punctuate the punches with. She resurrected nothing but the cat …”
There are two examples of aposiopesis in this excerpt. First, the writer pauses at “hold of you I’ll –,” and then at the end of the excerpt, “nothing but the cat.” Both sentences are left incomplete. Notice the difference in punctuation.
Function of Aposiopesis
The purpose of using aposiopesis is to create dramatic or comic effect. The writers or speakers use it whenever they want to express ideas that are too overwhelming to finish. Several playwrights use this technique to make dialogues seem sincere and realistic. But the most effective use of aposiopesis is seen when readers successfully figure out the missing thoughts that the writer has left unfinished.
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Apostrophe
Definition
As a literary device, an apostrophe is a poetic phrase or speech made by a character who is addressed to a subject that is not present in the literary work. The subject may be dead, absent, an inanimate object, or even an abstract idea. A literary apostrophe is designed to direct a reader’s attention to the entity being addressed as a means of indicating its importance or significance. In addition, apostrophe is also utilized as a way for a character to express their internal thoughts and feelings to someone or something that is not able to respond.
Example: “Death Be Not Proud” [by John Donne]
The poet addresses Death as if it is a living, present person:
“Death, be not proud, though some have called thee
Mighty and dreadful, for thou are not so;”
By using apostrophe, the poet is able to share their thoughts and feelings about death as an abstract idea by “speaking” to Death as if it could hear or understand. In turn, this literary device also allows the poet to share their innermost emotions and ideas about death with the reader to create a greater impact.
Difference Between Apostrophe as Literary Device and Punctuation
Most people have heard of apostrophe in terms of punctuation. As a punctuation mark, an apostrophe indicates possession [the student’s book] or an intentional omission of letters or numbers.
Though it may appear that apostrophe as punctuation is entirely different from apostrophe as a literary device, there is a similar foundation to their functions. A literary apostrophe is used by writers to allow a character or speaker to address an absent entity as if it/they were present. Like the punctuation mark, apostrophe in literature is therefore related to an intentional omission. Rather than the omission of letters or numbers, a literary apostrophe refers to an intentional absence of a subject being addressed, thereby calling attention to what is not there.
The poet addresses Death as if it is a living, present person:
“Death, be not proud, though some have called thee
Mighty and dreadful, for thou are not so;”
By using apostrophe, the poet is able to share their thoughts and feelings about death as an abstract idea by “speaking” to Death as if it could hear or understand. In turn, this literary device also allows the poet to share their innermost emotions and ideas about death with the reader to create a greater impact.
Difference Between Apostrophe as Literary Device and Punctuation
Most people have heard of apostrophe in terms of punctuation. As a punctuation mark, an apostrophe indicates possession [the student’s book] or an intentional omission of letters or numbers.
Though it may appear that apostrophe as punctuation is entirely different from apostrophe as a literary device, there is a similar foundation to their functions. A literary apostrophe is used by writers to allow a character or speaker to address an absent entity as if it/they were present. Like the punctuation mark, apostrophe in literature is therefore related to an intentional omission. Rather than the omission of letters or numbers, a literary apostrophe refers to an intentional absence of a subject being addressed, thereby calling attention to what is not there.
Function of Apostrophe
As a literary device, apostrophe is used in literature to allow a character to speak to an object, abstract idea, absent person, or someone who doesn’t exist as if it is a living, present person. Apostrophe is effective in a literary work for its dramatic effect, to demonstrate the importance of the object, idea, or absent person, and to allow readers to witness a character’s personal and intimate expression.
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Appositive
Definition
When a noun or word is followed by another noun or phrase that renames or identifies it, this is called appositive. This is a literary device that appears before or after a noun or noun phrase. It is always used with a comma. Simply, we can define it as a noun phrase or a noun that defines or explains another noun, which it follows. In this grammatical structure, writers place elements like noun phrases side-by-side, where one element serves to define the other, and one is in apposition to the other.
As a literary device, apostrophe is used in literature to allow a character to speak to an object, abstract idea, absent person, or someone who doesn’t exist as if it is a living, present person. Apostrophe is effective in a literary work for its dramatic effect, to demonstrate the importance of the object, idea, or absent person, and to allow readers to witness a character’s personal and intimate expression.
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Appositive
Definition
When a noun or word is followed by another noun or phrase that renames or identifies it, this is called appositive. This is a literary device that appears before or after a noun or noun phrase. It is always used with a comma. Simply, we can define it as a noun phrase or a noun that defines or explains another noun, which it follows. In this grammatical structure, writers place elements like noun phrases side-by-side, where one element serves to define the other, and one is in apposition to the other.
Example: [A Hanging, by George Orwell]
“We were waiting outside the condemned cells, a row of sheds fronted with double bars, like small animal cages.”
In this line, “the condemned cells” is a noun phrase, while “a row of sheds” is an appositive that explains this noun phrase.
Types of Appositive
● Restrictive Appositive - Restrictive appositive gives essential information to identify the phrase or noun in apposition. It clarifies the meaning of a phrase but, if the appositive is removed, the meaning of the entire sentence changes.
“We were waiting outside the condemned cells, a row of sheds fronted with double bars, like small animal cages.”
In this line, “the condemned cells” is a noun phrase, while “a row of sheds” is an appositive that explains this noun phrase.
Types of Appositive
● Restrictive Appositive - Restrictive appositive gives essential information to identify the phrase or noun in apposition. It clarifies the meaning of a phrase but, if the appositive is removed, the meaning of the entire sentence changes.
Example: ”A Christmas Memory” [By Truman Capote]
“Christmas Eve afternoon we scrape together a nickel and go to the butcher’s to buy Queenie’s traditional gift, a good gnawable beef bone.”
In the above excerpt, a restrictive appositive is clarifying and describing a noun “traditional gift.” Here, this literary device has appeared after the noun, specifying the type of gift. Drawing by By John Minnion Truman
● Non-Restrictive Appositive
Non-restrictive appositive gives non-essential or extra information, which is not important to identify the phrase or noun in apposition. This type of appositive is often used with commas.
Example: “Bronx Primitive” [By Kate Simon]
“Though her cheeks were high-colored and her teeth strong and yellow, she looked like a mechanical woman, a machine with flashing, glassy circles for eyes.”
In this example, the noun “mechanical woman” is defined and identified by a long noun phrase, a restrictive appositive, “flashing, gassy circles for eyes,” which serves as a useful device in this excerpt, and brings variety to the sentence, enhancing its meaning.
Function of Appositive
The function of appositive in literary works is to provide information, which is either essential or additional. An appositive noun also defines, explains, and clarifies the meaning of a sentence. It is helpful to combine sentences to avoid too many choppy and short sentences. In addition, an appositive phrase gives variety to a literary work by using sentences of varied lengths, allowing the writers to use interesting details with smooth flow of the reading experience.
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Asyndeton
Definition
Asyndeton is a stylistic device used to intentionally eliminate conjunctions between the phrases, and in the sentence, yet maintain grammatical accuracy. This literary tool helps in reducing the indirect meaning of the phrase, and presents it in a concise form.
The Two Types of Asyndeton Examples
● Used between words and phrases within a sentence
[Julius Caesar, Act 3, Scene 1, by William Shakespeare]
“Are all thy conquests, glories, triumphs, spoils, Shrunk to this little measure?”
● Used between sentences or clauses
[Oedipus at Colonus, by Sophecles]
“Without looking, without making a sound, without talking”
Difference Between Syndeton and Asyndeton
Syndeton and asyndeton are opposite to one another. Syndeton includes the addition of multiple conjunctions, such as in this example: “He eats and sleeps and drinks.” On the other hand, asyndeton is the elimination, or leaving out, of conjunctions, such as in this example: “He eats, sleeps, drinks.”
Each creates a completely different effect. Syndeton slows down the pace or rhythm of speech, and makes it moderate, whereas asyndeton speeds up the rhythm of the speech.
Function of Asyndeton
Asyndeton helps in speeding up the rhythm of words. It helps in attracting readers to collaborate with the writers, since it suggests that words, phrases, and sentences are incomplete, and the readers would have to do some work to deduce meanings. This version creates immediate impact, and the readers are attuned to what the author is trying to convey.
Asyndeton is often applied intentionally in order to give a unique emphasis to the text, thereby drawing the attention of readers towards a particular idea the author wants to convey.
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JUST SAYIN
That’s just the "A" list. I can't imagine why any writer would need to know these names.
■
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