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NO MORE UGLY ROOFS: Solar Energy

10/15/2021

THE ANCIENT POWER OF SOLAR POWER

“The Solar Industry Has Been Waiting 60 Years For This To Happen — And It Finally Just Did” businessinsider.com.au/sola (2014)

When it comes to solar power, the headline from the Business Insider is off by several thousand years off.

Millennia prior to human reliance on fossil fuels for energy, electricity, and heat, people relied on the sun for the comforts and necessities of life. The sun was revered by many ancient cultures, often as a god, but certainly as the most powerful element of their world. The concept of using solar power for general purposes it not a modern one.

The Egyptians were the first civilization known to use solar energy on a large scale to heat their homes. Egyptian houses were designed to store heat in thick building walls during the day, which then released the heat after the sun went down to warm the interiors at night. Many civilizations are known to use techniques for putting solar energy to work heating homes and buildings and many other things.

Ancient Egyptian Housing
Image Source: pp.emaze.com/egyptian-home

Egypt’s 1st solar powered village (2016)
Image Source: mentalfloss.com/egypt

Furthermore, some researchers believe that the ancient Egyptians developed highly-polished bronze mirrors that were strategically placed at the entrance of monuments and inside them to allow solar energy and sun rays to enter the building, lighting it up.

“The Greeks used the power of the sun by focusing its energy through a magnifying glass, to start their cooking fires. Sun power was also a major consideration in siting buildings. “Socrates taught classes on the art of passive solar architecture—how to build houses and other buildings to best take advantage of the sun’s light and energy.”
cleanchoiceenergy.com/Ancient_Solar

Ancient Greek Housing Ancient House - Hippocrates Garden Cultural Center
Image Source: pinterest.com/pin/687a Image Source: kosexplorer.com/place/ancient-house

The city of Olynthus in northern Greece became the first solar city of ancient Greece (4th century BC). Its streets were designed so that every house could face south.

The ancient Greeks, Romans, Native Americans, and Chinese also used similar techniques to help regulate the temperature in their homes. The Romans applied the same principles to heating their public baths, which could be quite large.

Image Source: crystalinks.com/romebaths.html

THE HISTORY OF SOLAR PANELS
The prehistory of the solar panel began in 1839 when 19-year-old physicist named Edmond Becquerel (French) was working on the coating of platinum electrodes using silver chloride. He discovered a rise in voltage on exposure to light, and the effect was named the photovoltaic effect

Twenty years later no one had conceived the notion of the solar panel. It wasn’t even a glimmer in the eye of another Frenchman, Augustin Mouchot, when he predicted that eventually coal would be used up and invented a solar steam engine.
Augustin Mouchot’s solar engine
Image credit: Academie De Touraine
Image Source: ecotality.com/history-of-solar-panels/

By 1883, American inventor Charles Fritts had devised the first proper “working” photovoltaic cell. The cell was fashioned from Selenium and had an efficiency of only one percent (1%.). The modules were constructed by coating a wide plate of copper with selenium and then topped it with an extremely thin semi-transparent layer of gold leaf, producing current that was continuous and constant. In 1884 Fritts installed the first roof mounted solar panels in the work in New York City.
Charles Fritts solar panels installed, NY(1884)
Image Credit: Smithsonian Magazine
Image Source: ecotality.com/history-of-solar-panels/

Over the next two decades research continued on the photoelectric effect and solar cells.

In a famous paper published in 1905, Einstein explained the photovoltaic (PV) effect and postulated that light had an attribute that had not yet been recognized. Einstein said light contains packets of energy which he called light quanta (now called photons).

The mid-twentieth century marks an important era of developments in solar panels. American engineer Russell Ohl made the groundbreaking discovery of the P-N junction where light causes electrons to flow from negative to positive, resulting in electrical current. He also invented the first modern cell using the P-N junction. Today’s PV cell is a lot similar to Ohl’s cell. Russell Ohl - Image Soiurce:
computerhope.com/1987.htm

In April, 1954 a slightly modified wafer of silicon, called a "solar cell", that converted sunlight directly into electrical energy was unveiled by Bell Telephone Laboratories in Murray Hill, NJ. The solar cell was an outgrowth of transistor research. It worked at an efficiency of six percent (6%), comparable to gasoline engines at the time.

The Bell scientists believed that the efficiency figure could be raised to 10 per cent through normal engineering techniques. Daryl Chapin, Gerald Pearson, and Calvin Fuller of Bell Laboratories, publicly demonstrated the first photovoltaic cell. It powered a toy Ferris wheel and a radio transmitter.
The Bell Labs Team Image Credit: Greentech Media
Image Source: : ecotality.com/history-of-solar-panels/

A solar water heater dated 1929
Image Credit: Library of Congress
Image Source: businessinsider.com.au/solar-water-heater

Since the 1970 the idea of solar heating and solar power has been catching on slowly – boosted later on by the federal and state incentives -- and the sophistication and efficiency of the panels have been steadily improving. Many experimental houses were built under the auspices of universities as part of the early ecology/ save-the-planet movement before there was any public awareness of environmental impacts and no “green” movement.

Example of 1970s panels - Image Source: Meadowvale Solar Home 1977 (Canada)
dreamstime.com/old-solar-panel-1970 Image Credit: Ottawa: Division of Building Research,
National Research Council - Image Source:
activehistory.ca/solar-heating-in-1970s

The Meadowvale Solar Home was an experimental home was built in 1977 to test the application of solar heating technology in Canada. While a success, it provided heat far less efficiently than the WATSUN model calculated and experienced many more technical problems than the model projected. [Picture Provided by: B. E. Sibbett and H. Jung, Performance of the Meadowvale Solar System (1981)].

THE UGLY-ROOF ERA
As popularity of using solar energy primarily for heating grew, so did the costs of the improved panels and the labor to install. According to solarenergyworld.com, “some people who claim to be pro-environment say they won’t go solar because they do not like how the panels look. This is surprising considering the devastating effect fossil fuels have had on the health of our planet. This proves beauty is in the eye of the beholder.”

Trash bags on the roof
Image Source: celestialsolar.com/solar-pool-heating/

Visual incompatibility of materials
Image Source: 1.ciampeathehomedesignings.com/

One of the reasons solar panels are basically unattractive is because the people who build them – Giving them the benefit of the doubt -- are guided by size and the best and longest exposure to the sun. Aesthetics don’t mean much to a contractor who installs panels. The stark contrast between the solar panel in the second photo and the roofing material is not aesthetically pleasing.

Layout looks helter skelter Forgotten trampoline on roof Visible boxes and power lines
Source of Images: evelectricity.com/solar

In the first photo above, the materials don't look well together but it would look better with a racking system that allows for mounting the panels closer to the roof. In the second photo, the height and size make it appear that someone forgot their trampoline on the roof. The third photo is the way the side of the house looks from the street. Very unattractive.

Of course, most of us have to approach the purchase (or rental) of solar panels from the position of having to retrofit existing housing. Cost is always a factor. These kinds of solutions have been what the average Joe in the US can afford with or without government incentives. New construction has always offered more pleasant alternatives to the roof panel.

21st CENTURY INNOVATION SAVES THE DAY
Only in recent years have the technology and materials been developed to solve these problems. Now days, the entire roof of the house can be the solar energy system for the home.

“Small solar panels are typically miniature or technologically advanced versions of larger systems. This can range from a small solar panel of few solar cells wired together to make a small but easy-to-use solar panel, to nano-materials that are invisible to the naked eye but still produce electric current. Small solar panels can also be found in radio sets, transmitters, calculators and other portable appliances.” solarenergyfactsblog.com/small-solar-panels/

Today, solar panels and miniaturized solar cells come in a variety of forms and colors.

Coming Soon - Spray-On Solar Panels
New spray-on solar technology can turn all windows and other exposed surfaces into solar panels. A film of light absorbing meta-nano-particles is sprayed on surfaces like windows to make them capable of trapping the sunlight and converting it to electricity. Perhaps one of the most advanced solar inventions, spray-on films can generate electricity on see-through glass and even exterior walls. However, this technology is still mostly
restricted to the lab.
Tiny spray on solar panel - Image Source: solarenergyfactsblog.com/

Thin Film Solar Panels
Thin film solar panels, which are comprised of a super-thin, flexible film, can be quite small and suited to specific purposes (like solar calculators). Their flexibility means that can be used almost anywhere and they’re finding more real-world applications as time goes on.

Thin film solar panels - Image Source: solarenergyfactsblog.com/

Solar Shingles and Tiles
Solar shingles are a variation of solar panels in the form of roof tiles. These solar panels resemble roofing tiles in size and texture and can be used for a (possibly) more aesthetically pleasing solar array. Modern solar tiles which use copper indium gallium selenide semiconductor films are cost effective
and efficient. There are now a variety of these on the market.Solar Shingles - Image Source: solarenergyfactsblog.com/

This prefabricated home below has a roof made up of solar panels that do not call attention to themselves as such. Architect: Richard Pedranti.

A pitched roof optimizes the RPA Prefab LivingHome 1
Image Source: dwell.com/article/plant-prefab-livinghomes

Below is the sample house built by Tesla Company using One of the several Tesla Roof Tiles.

Solar roof tiles by Tesla Company - Images Source:
understandsolar.com/pros-cons- solar-energy

Solar panels are extremely versatile in that they can be used anywhere in the world and in numerous different applications. They can be used by homeowners who connect to the utility grid, allowing them to sell excess electricity produced to the utility.

Solar panels can be used in off-grid applications, allowing extremely remote homes that are too far from the utility grid to have electricity for the first time.

A small solar installation can even be coupled with batteries to create micro-grids shared by several communities, allowing remote villages to have electricity for the very first time.

This house in the UK has a roof made of roof tube
Source of Images: /roof-tube.co.uk/no-more-ugly-solar-panels/

Lft - Solar roof tiles
Image Source: goodshomedesign.com/green-electricity

Center - Clay-looking solar tiles
Image Source: energis.com.au/

VARIETY OF USES
In addition to heating houses and other buildings, solar energy is used to power many other things, many of which people see everyday. I found one use, however, that really surprised me.

The French have built the first solar panel road in the world. It runs for 1 kilometer through the small village of Tourouvre-au-Perche, in Normandy. It is the first “trial” piece of the French government’s initiative to cover a 1,000 km of the roads in France with solar panels.

Image Source: arch2o.com/first-solar-panel-road/

The road is expected to be used by approximately 2,000 motorists per day, generating 767 Kilowatt-hours which should be sufficient for supplying the 3,400-resident village’s streetlights with electricity. Still it cost 5 million euros which is highly cost ineffective.

Project directors believe that they are “still on an experimental phase,” and have learned new improved methods for the installation and manufacturing of the solar panels which can be used for the rest of the project.

What are these people thinking?

JUST SAYIN
■
Sources:
http://solarcellcentral.com/history_page.html
http://ww1.ciampeathehomedesignings.com/
https://www.solarchoice.net.au/blog/what-happens-to-old-solar-panels/
http://solarenergyfactsblog.com/small-solar-panels/
https://ecotality.com/history-of-solar-panels/
https://www.arch2o.com/france-opens-worlds-first-solar-panel-road-normandy/
https://www.businessinsider.com.au/solar-price-terrordome-chart-2014-4
http://www.weatherfast.co.uk/
https://roof-tube.co.uk/no-more-ugly-solar-panels/
https://www.motherearthliving.com/green-homes/basics-passive-solar-home-design
https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2019/03/21/2019-architectural-digest-design-show/
https://www.solarenergyworld.com/most-people-no-longer-believe-solar-panels-are-ugly/
https://www.dwell.com/article/cube-two-x-nestron-035d916a/6848343031185362944
http://www.evelectricity.com/solar/solar-neighborhood.php
https://understandsolar.com/top-10-pros-cons-solar-energy
https://suncityenergy.com/2021/06/23/solar-house-design-considerations/
https://arxiv.org/vc/arxiv/papers/0910/0910.0128v1.pdf
https://cleanchoiceenergy.com/news/Ancient_Solar
http://www.kosexplorer.com/place/ancient-house-hippocrates-garden-cultural-center/
https://resource.cecsb.org/solar-design-in-ancient-greece/
https://www.suryaharapan.com/types-of-solar-panels/
https://www.solarmaxtech.com/blog/p.130303000/the-history-of-solar-power-solar-energy-in-ancient-times/
https://activehistory.ca/2015/11/tomorrow-sunny-the-rise-and-fall-of-solar-heating-in-1970s-canada-part-3/
https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/experts-give-their-wisdom-on-todays-best-sustainable-building-practices

https://www.dwell.com/article/plant-prefab-livinghomes-richard-pedranti-architect-516c0549#:~:text=Plant%20Prefab%20has%20teamed%20up%20with%20Richard%20Pedranti,complete%20with%20all%20finishes%2C%20fixtures%2C%20and%20technic

Photos Only
https://antiquatedrecruited.blogspot.com/2019/09/ancient-greek-house-architecture.html
https://www.booking.com/hotel/eg/albabenshal.html#blockdisplay4
https://www.crystalinks.com/romebaths.html
https://www.computerhope.com/history/1987.htm
http://www.kosexplorer.com/place/ancient-house-hippocrates-garden-cultural-center/
https://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-photos-old-solar-panel-1970-s-image6698778
https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/87310/egypt-welcomes-its-first-solar-powered-village
https://app.emaze.com/@AOFIFTFR/egyptian-homes-joeseph#1
https://www.goodshomedesign.com/generate-cheap-green-electricity-from-sunlight-with-solar-roof-tiles/

https://www.celestialsolar.com/services/solar-pool-heating/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIjabo-_PA8wIV7FnBCh0arg3XEAEYASAAEgLP_vD_BwE

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LITERALLY SPEAKING: Literary Terms

10/8/2021

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Many of the fiction authors I know did not major in Creative Writing at a major University. Many of us, myself included, learned by attending classes sponsored by professional writing organizations, by doing it wrong and starting over again – several times – and with peer support. This may or may not be a longer and bumpier path to authorhood, but it is one many of us take.
Being in that category, I never learned all the technical “literary terms”, only the ones that counted and those often have simpler names.

I had never heard of a Bildungsroman, which I now know means, in the mysterious literary language, a “coming-of-age” story.

All professions having their own “language” of words, phrases, nicknames, and abbreviations dealing with technicalities of the concepts and work, but when I looked into formal Literary Terms for creative writers and poets, it knocked my socks off.

LITERARY PURPOSE
The focus of the “literary purpose” is on the words themselves and on a conscious and deliberate arrangement of the words to produce a the effects the writer wants; an enriching effect. When you read a novel or a poem, or when you watch a movie or a TV comedy, or when you listen to a song, you are experiencing the literary purpose. Who knew?

A writer often expresses a worldview when using the literary purpose. The writer might comment on human nature or behavior. The reader gains insight to the human condition by understanding the writer's ideas. When used as a secondary purpose, the literary purpose enhances the primary purpose through figurative or poetic or playful language and often a sense of human struggle.

When literary purpose is the primary purpose, the writing should be fictional. As a secondary purpose, literary writing can be found in combination with the expressive or persuasive purpose. Because literary writing is figurative, it is seldom found in combination with referential writing, which is literal.

LITERARY TERMS
Literary Terms refer to the techniques, styles, and formatting used by writers to masterfully emphasize, embellish, or strengthen their compositions: Literary Devices. Among other things, literary devices can refer to playful techniques employed by comedians to make us laugh or witty tricks wordsmiths use to coin new words or phrases.” literaryterms.net/text=Literary

There are several problems working with an alphabetical list of Literary Terms. First, there are various categories of terms which are all mixed in together. Types of literature [poetry, prose, sonnets, folk tales, anecdotes, haiku, etc.] are mixed in together the terms referring to the types of story [mystery, romance, comedy, etc.], parts of speech, and other categories of terms.

Second, many of the terms are words that every writer already knows and understands [plot, character, setting, etc.] A few are tricky in that they are common words but have a slightly different meaning for writers than usual usage [conceit, apostrophe].

Third, the rest are mostly literary or rhetorical devices in some unidentified, foreign language which is a trick to make us all learn Greek. My impression is that some very well-read intellectual – a Greek scholar, perhaps – made them up to justify all the things great writers do which are inconsistent with the basic rules of English grammar and punctuation. As my mentor, Sid Stebel, always said, “A writer can do anything if it works.”

Still, if you choose to read the definitions, there are useful bits information which a writer can employ. For example, did you know that using Syndeton slows down the pace, whereas Asyndeton speeds it up.

Fourth, your spell check may suffer a nervous breakdown. Mine is still catatonic.

“Your spell checker had a nervous nervous breakdown."

TERMS YOU MAY NEVER NEED TO KNOW
While I am not a great fan of wasting time, I also believe that writers should be aware of Literary Terms and know where to look if the need for a literary device occurs. The list of sources should give you what you need.

Just for the fun of it, I’ve decided to feature one or two terms in my weekly newsletter, but to give you a taste, below you will find most of the terms beginning with the letter "A" that were unfamiliar to me.

Have fun!

Note: Most of these terms, definitions, examples, and commentary were copied from the following article, modified with editing and thoughts of my own, and information from the other listed sources.
https://literaryterms.net/#:~:text=Literary%20Terms%20Literary

Abecedarius
Definition
An abecedarius is an Acrostic where the first letter of every word or verse follows the order of the alphabet. For example, in the sentence A Bear Climbed Down, the first letter of every word is in alphabetical order: A, B, C, D.
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Acrostic
Definition
A form of writing where the first letter of each line, paragraph, or verse spells out a word or a message.
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Adynaton
Definition
Adynaton is a rhetorical device, a form of hyperbole, in which exaggeration is taken to a great extreme where it seems impossible. In other words, when hyperbole is magnified to such an extent that it is completely unfeasible, it is called adynaton. Ideas in the use of adynaton are exaggerated in order to emphasize something.

Adynaton and Hyperbole
Adynaton is a kind of hyperbole, though it is an extreme form. When hyperbole goes to an extreme level, that is completely impossible in reality, it is called adynaton. It is presented as an exaggerated comparison or contrast.

Function of Adynaton
Adynaton is used to create exaggeration, in order to emphasize some point. The basic purpose of using adynaton is to draw the attention of the audience by overstating something or idea. Adynaton in the modern age is to create amusing effects by highlighting an idea.
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Amplification
Definition
Amplification is a rhetorical device writers use to embellish a sentence or statement by adding further information. The objective is to increase readability and worth of the statement or sentence when a simple sentence is abrupt, and cannot convey the desired implications. Writers then use amplification to make structural additions, and give further meanings by describing and repeating a certain statement or idea. The purpose of this rhetorical device is to bring the readers’ attention to an idea, which they may miss otherwise.

Function of Amplification
By using amplification, writers repeat something they already have said with the purpose to add more information and details to the original description. In writing and speech, amplification tends to highlight the importance of an idea, to stimulate an emotional response among the audience. In fact, it adds an exaggeration, increases the rhetorical effect, and emphasizes to further elaborate definitions, descriptions, and arguments in a piece.
_________________________________________________________________________Anacoluthon
Definition
Anacoluthont is a stylistic device defined as a syntactic deviation, and interruption within a sentence from one structure to another. In this interruption, the expected sequence of grammar is absent. The grammatical flow of sentences is interrupted in order to begin more sentences.

Characteristics of Anacoluthon
It is employed intentionally, unintentionally, or as a rhetorical device. In rhetoric, anacoluthon is also known as a figure of disorder in which the syntax of a sentence does not correlate with whatever is expected. However, it should not to be mixed-up with hyperbaton which also involves a change in the normal position of words, phrases, and sentences.

Anacoluthon is the interruption within a sentence from one construction to another against the expected. The common use of anacoluthon is to imitate a thought or speech, and then logical order of the sentence. This change can occur within a sentence or in the form of tense.

Function of Anacoluthon
This shifts the necessary information towards the start of the sentence. In casual conversation, it is used in such a way that the sentence would not be considered correct grammatically. In written works, however, it is employed to imitate ungrammatical, confused, and informal speech, and to draw the attention of readers.

Anacoluthon is well-suited to the stream of consciousness writing style that is planned to signify thoughts in proximity to one another, because thoughts are not always consistent and hardly grammatically correct.
_________________________________________________________________________Anadiplosis
Definition
Anadiplosis refers to the repetition of a word or words in successive clauses in such a way that the second clause starts with the same word which marks the end of the previous clause.

Anadiplosis exhibits a typical pattern of repeating a word. For example, the repetition of the word “give” in the sentence “When I give, I give myself” is termed anadiplosis, as it occurs at the end of the first clause and marks the beginning of the following clause.

Similarly, notice how the use of anadiplosis repeats in its typical fashion the word “reliability” to highlight the main point of the sentence, “This public school has a record of extraordinary reliability, a reliability that every other school is jealous of in the city.”

Anadiplosis and Chiasmus
Anadiplosis is part of another figure of speech, chiasmus. However, every anadiplosis does not necessarily reverse its structure like it is done in chiasmus. For instance, “Forget what you want to remember, and remember what you want to forget” is an example of chiasmus [as it involves a reversal of structure in the second clause] and anadiplosis, as the word “remember” marks the end of one clause and the start of the subsequent clause.

Anadiplosis does not always employ a reversal of structure as in the sentence “The land of my fathers, and my fathers can have it.” It is an example of anadiplosis involving a typical repetition of the word “my fathers” but, unlike chiasmus, the structure of the final clause is not reversed.

Function of Anadiplosis
It repeats a word in quick succession, in successive clauses, in order to add emphasis to the main idea. This works because readers tend to focus on the repetition of words, and thereby on the idea emphasized by them.
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Anagnorisis
Definition
Anagnorisis refers to a moment of insight in a story’s plot in which a character, usually the protagonist, shifts from ignorance to awareness. The moment of anagnorisis may be a realization about the character’s self, their situation, or something about a different character. This may include revelation of a character’s true identity, their actual relationship with another character, or their misinterpretation of something important. As a literary device, anagnorisis is often utilized as a turning point in the plot of a story that leads to a resolution.

The moment in which the protagonist receives insight or enlightenment in terms of their own character, another character, or the dramatic situation in which they find themselves allows the plot to achieve its necessary resolution for the reader.

Difference Between Anagnorisis and Denouement
In literary works, anagnorisis and denouement may appear to be the same. However, they are distinct in their relationship to plot in a work of literature and their function within a literary narrative. In fact, it is often the moment of anagnorisis that leads to a narrative’s denouement. Anagnorisis may be the catalyst to how a narrative is resolved, whereas denouement is the end of a story’s narrative arc.

Function of Anagnorisis
Anagnorisis most often appears in modern works of literature as a character’s moment of ephiany in which they experience a surprising discovery that reveals something about their character, another character, or their situation. Overall, anagnorisis creates memorable moments of insight.
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Anaphora
Definition
Anaphora is a rhetorical device that features repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive sentences, phrases, or clauses, allowing writers to convey, emphasize, and reinforce meaning. This word repetition at the beginning of each phrase in a group of sentences or clauses is a stylized technique that can be very effective.

One of the most famous uses of anaphora is the beginning of A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens.
“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness…”

Through repetition of the phrase “it was,” Dickens reinforces to the reader that the time he is describing is a past filled with oppositions and extremes in way that engages the reader immediately with the story.

Example of Anaphora in Prose
In prose, anaphora can provide a rhythm to words and phrases. This can have a strong effect on an audience by appealing to emotions, inspiration, motivation, and even memory. Such a pattern of repetition captures the attention of the reader and can create a lasting impression.
Example: “We came, we saw, we conquered.” [translated from Latin, attributed to Julius Caesar in letter to Roman senate]

Difference Between Anaphora and Repetition
In a general sense, anaphora is repetition. However, anaphora is specific in its intent to repeat. Nonspecific repetition of words or phrases can take place anywhere in writing. With anaphora, the repetition is of a word or phrase at the beginning of consecutive sentences, phrases, or clauses. Therefore, this repetition is intentional for literary or rhetorical effect.

Function of Anaphora
As a literary device, anaphora functions as a means of emphasizing words and ideas. Also, it can also provide a lyrical and artistic effect. When used properly, anaphora can evoke emotion, reinforce or emphasize a concept, and create urgency or a call to action. When used poorly, however, anaphora can be alienate the reader by appearing to distracting and forced.
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Antanaclasis
Definition
Antanaclasis is a rhetorical device in which a phrasae or word is repeatedly used, though the meaning of the word changes in each case. It is the repetition of a similar word in a sentence with different meanings, or a word is repeated in two or more different senses. Many of Shakespeare’s literary pieces contain examples of antanaclasis. Like in these lines, “Put out the light, then put out the light…” [Othello]. The first meaning is that Othello would extinguish the candle, and in the second reference its meaning is that he would end Desdemona’s life.

Difference Between Epizeuxis and Antanaclasis
There is a slight difference between epizeuxs and antanaclasis, though both mean the repetition of words. In epizeuxis, the words or phrases are repeated in a succession in the same sentence or line. Such as in this passage, “Alone, alone, all all alone, /Alone on a wide, wide sea…”[ Ancient Mariner The Rime of the], by Samuel Coleridge. The words or phrases are repeated in a sentence or passage with different meanings.

Function of Antanaclasis
Antanaclasis helps in giving an exciting contrast with different meanings of the same word. It enhances the dramatic and persuasive impact of a piece of writing or speech. Antanaclasis creates comic effect when used in the form of irony and pun. Apart from that, it makes the literary text memorable due to repetition. It is used as a rhetorical device in poetry, prose, and political speeches. Political leaders make use of this technique in order to persuade and draw the attention of their audiences.
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Anthimeria
Definition
Anthimeria is a rhetorical device that uses a word in a new grammatical shape, often as a noun or a verb. Simply, it replaces one part of speech with another. Using nouns as verbs has become such a common practice that now many nouns are often used as verbs. In grammar studies, anthimeria has another name, “functional shift,” or “conversion.” In fact, language is always fluid, and is in constant transformation. Therefore, use of a verb as a noun or vice versa is not a surprise for linguists.

Function of Anthimeria
Anthimeria is very common in novels, short stories and particularly in poetry, where such replacement evokes mild emotions of confusion. The device provides writers a method to describe ideas in a unique way that makes the readers think. Sometimes, writers use a new word to create images and imagery.
_________________________________________________________________________Anthropomorphism
Definition
Anthropomorphism is a literary device that can be defined as a technique in which a writer ascribes human traits, ambitions, emotions, or entire behaviors to animals, non-human beings, natural phenomena, or objects.

Difference Between Anthropomorphism and Personification
Anthropomorphism is also a type of personification that gives human characteristics to non-humans or objects, especially animals. However, there is a slight difference between these two. Personification is an act of giving human characteristics to animals or objects to create imagery, while anthropomorphism aims to make an animal or object behave and appear like it is a human being. Pinocchio, the famous wooden doll, was anthropomorphized when he was given the ability to talk, walk, think, and feel like real boy.

Function of Anthropomorphism
The primary reason for using anthropomorphism is to make a wider appeal to the readers. With the use of objects or animals, the story can become visually appealing and non-threatening. Hence, it could attract the attention of a wider audience [including children] by presenting animated characters in tales and animated movies. In literature, it serves as an effective tool for creating political and social satires. Hence, it has a wider scope than merely to entertain children.
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Antimetabole
Definition
Antimetabole is a literary term or device that involves repeating a phrase in reverse order. Example: “You like it; it likes you.”

Chiasmus and antimetabole are usually expected to be overlapped in usage, and this overlap is also often used as a synonym for epanados [the repeating of a phrase or sentence in reverse order]. However, the writer would make them distinct through his use. Example: “Eat to live, not live to eat.” – Socrates

Difference Between Chiasmus and Antimetabole
Antimetabole and chiasmus are very closely related, and some experts even use them interchangeably. However, both the terms still exist to refer to two distinct literary devices. When a sentence is repeated by reversing it, so as to convey an idea or stress a point, it is called chiasmus [a sentence repeated inversely]. The only condition of a chiasmic sentence is that the two clauses in the phrase are opposite in meaning.

For example, the popular saying by Havelock Ellis: “Charm is a woman’s strength, strength is a man’s charm,” the sentence is an example of chiasmus, but is not an antimetabole. This is because the two clauses have opposite meanings, but the words and the grammatical makeup are dissimilar.

In an antimetabole the word order in a sentence is reversed to contrast the meanings. One very good example is Mae West’s catchphrase, “It’s not the men in my life; it’s the life in my men.” In this sentence the words, rhythm, and grammatical structure in the second phrase are exactly similar to the first one, but the meaning is opposite.

Functions of Antimetabole
For antimetabole to be effective, it does not only have to be grammatically correct, but should also be logical. People, after studying literature for a while, start thinking that they can churn out antimetaboles with a snap of a finger. They fail to understand the fact that a sentence cannot be called an antimetabole if it is not based on a logical theme.
Antimetaboles are popular and effective solely because they appeal to reason and are easy to remember. If the first half is relatable, then the reader or listener will automatically make sense of the second half. For example, “It is not about the years in your life, but about the life in your years.” A sentence like this can be called an antimetabole because it is appealing, correct [logically and grammatically] and has a message to convey to the readers.
_________________________________________________________________________Antiphrasis
Definition
Antiphrasis is a figurative speech in which a phrase or word is employed in a way that is opposite to its literal meaning, in order to create an ironic or comic effect. In simple words, it is the use of phrases or words in their opposite sense from the real meaning.

“Yes, I killed him. I killed him for money–and a woman–and I didn’t get the money and I didn’t get the woman. Pretty, isn’t it…” [Double Indemnity, by Billy Wilder and Raymond Chandler]. Here, the speaker is making an ironic statement by using the opposite sense of the word “pretty".

Function of Antiphrasis
Like other rhetorical devices, antiphrasis also brings about additional meanings to a text and situation. The use of opposite meanings of situations and statements in literature draws readers’ interest. Besides, it makes the literary piece of writing more captivating, and helps the readers make use of their own thoughts, and understand the underlying meaning of the words and phrases.
_________________________________________________________________________Antistrophe
Definition
Antistrophe is a rhetorical device that involves the repetition of the same words at the end of consecutive phrases, clauses, sentences, and paragraphs.

Example: “A day may come when the courage of men fails, when we forsake our friends and break all bonds of fellowship. But it is not this day. An hour of wolves and shattered shields, when the age of men comes crashing down! But it is not this day! This day we fight! “ [The Return of the King, by J. R. R. Tolkien]

Similarity with Epistrophe
Antistrophe is similar to epistrophe, which also involves the repetition of words at the ends of successive clauses or sentences. However, it is opposite to anaphora, which is a repetition of words at the beginning of sentences or clauses.

Function of Antistrophe
The main function of this rhetorical device is to place emphasis on a particular thought or idea. The repetition of words helps in making the text pleasurable to read. The pattern and rhythm created with the use of antistrophe enables writers to appeal to readers’ emotions, and helps them appreciate a text better.
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Aphorism
Definition
Aphorism is a statement of truth or opinion expressed in a concise and witty, or terse manner. The term is often applied to philosophical, moral, and literary principles. The fact that they contain a truth gives them a universal acceptance.

Aphorisms often come with a pinch of humor, which makes them more appealing to the masses. Proverbs, maxims, adages, and clichés are different forms of aphoristic statements that gain prevalence.
_________________________________________________________________________ Aphorismus
Definition
Aphorismus is a figure of speech that brings into question the meaning of words, in case the words are used inappropriately. Aphorismus often appears as a rhetorical question used to create a difference between the current situation being discussed and the general idea of the subject.

Difference Between Aphorismus and AphorismAphorismus should not be confused with aphorism because aphorismus challenges the meaning of words by pointing out a question.

Example: “I am Pozzo! [Silence.] Pozzo! [Silence.] Does that name mean nothing to you? [Silence.] I say does that name mean nothing to you?”

However, aphorism is a different figure of speech, which is a brief statement containing personal truth, or a phrase that conveys a principle of thought. In these lines, Francis Bacon has said:
“Praise is the reflection of the virtue. But it is the reflection glass or body which giveth the reflection.” [Of Praise, by Francis Bacon]

Function of Aphorismus
The role of aphorismus is to emphasize the meanings of a sentence or phrase by challenging or raising questions about it. It brings into question the underlying meanings words and phrases, since the meaning of words can have a variety of connotations which help extend and enrich the language.
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Aporia
Definition
Aporia is a figure of speech wherein a speaker purports or expresses doubt or perplexity regarding a question [often feigned], and asks the reader how to proceed. The doubts may appear as a rhetoric question, often in the beginning of the text.

Aporia is a logical paradox in which the speaker sows seeds of doubt on a subject. This rhetorical strategy can make the reader feel sympathetic toward the view point character regarding the dilemma he is in. It is also called “dubitation,” which means that the uncertainty is always untruthful.

Example:” Hamlet” [By William Shakespeare]
“To not to be: that is the question.
Whether ’tis nobler in the mind to suffer
The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,
Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,
And by opposing end them? To die: to sleep;
Than fly to others that we know not of?
Thus conscience does make cowards of us all…”

Here, the statement, “To be or not to be” introduces uncertainty that characterizes the paragraph.

Function of Aporia
Aporia is an expression of doubt or uncertainty. When uncertainty and doubt are genuine, it can indicate a real impasse, and stimulate the audience to consider different options for resolution. It could show the humbleness of a speaker if the doubt he expresses is genuine. Aporia causes uncertainty, and makes the reader discover the certainty through subsequent statements of the speaker. The main objective is to provide the reader’s chance to analyze and judge the situation.
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Aposiopesis
Definition
Aposiopesis is derived from a Greek word that means “becoming silent.” It is a rhetorical device that can be defined as a figure of speech in which the writer breaks off abruptly and leaves the statement incomplete. It is as if the speaker is not willing to state what is present in his mind, due to being overcome by passion, excitement, or fear. In a piece of literature, it means to leave a sentence unfinished, so that the reader can determine his own meanings.

Types of Aposiopesis
● Emotive aposiopesis – This type of aposiopesis is used in conditions of conflict between emotional outbursts of a character and an environment that does not react. Usually, the writer or character speaking pauses in the middle of a sentence.
● Calculated aposiopesis – This type of aposiopesis is based on the conflict of missing thought and its opposing force that rejects the substance of that thought. Hence, the idea is removed that is explicitly expressed afterwards.
● Audience-respecting aposiopesis – It is based on the removal of thoughts which are unpleasant or offensive to the readers.
● Transitio-aposiopesis – It removes the ideas from the end part of a speech in order to immediately get the audience interested in the subsequent section.
● Emphatic aposiopesis – It avoids the use of full utterance, to present the idea as greater and really inexpressible.

Some Forms of Aposiopesis
Sometimes a word is used to indicate something completely different from its literal meaning. Such as in this example, “Tis deepest winter in Lord Timon’s purse; that is, one may reach deep enough, and find little” [Timon of Athens, by William Shakespear].
● Sometimes a word is used to indicate something whose actual name is not used like, “A chair’s arm.”
● Sometimes a paradoxical statement is used to create illogical strained metaphors. Such as, “Take arms against a sea of troubles.”
● Abusio is a subtype of Aposiopesis, which results from the combination of two metaphors.

Example:
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer [By Mark Twain]
“She looked perplexed for a moment, and then said, not fiercely, but still loud enough for the furniture to hear:
‘Well, I lay if I get hold of you I’ll –’
She did not finish, for by this time she was bending down and punching under the bed with the broom, and so she needed breath to punctuate the punches with. She resurrected nothing but the cat …”
There are two examples of aposiopesis in this excerpt. First, the writer pauses at “hold of you I’ll –,” and then at the end of the excerpt, “nothing but the cat.” Both sentences are left incomplete. Notice the difference in punctuation.

Function of Aposiopesis
The purpose of using aposiopesis is to create dramatic or comic effect. The writers or speakers use it whenever they want to express ideas that are too overwhelming to finish. Several playwrights use this technique to make dialogues seem sincere and realistic. But the most effective use of aposiopesis is seen when readers successfully figure out the missing thoughts that the writer has left unfinished.
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Apostrophe
Definition
As a literary device, an apostrophe is a poetic phrase or speech made by a character who is addressed to a subject that is not present in the literary work. The subject may be dead, absent, an inanimate object, or even an abstract idea. A literary apostrophe is designed to direct a reader’s attention to the entity being addressed as a means of indicating its importance or significance. In addition, apostrophe is also utilized as a way for a character to express their internal thoughts and feelings to someone or something that is not able to respond.

Example: “Death Be Not Proud” [by John Donne]
The poet addresses Death as if it is a living, present person:

“Death, be not proud, though some have called thee
Mighty and dreadful, for thou are not so;”

By using apostrophe, the poet is able to share their thoughts and feelings about death as an abstract idea by “speaking” to Death as if it could hear or understand. In turn, this literary device also allows the poet to share their innermost emotions and ideas about death with the reader to create a greater impact.

Difference Between Apostrophe as Literary Device and Punctuation
Most people have heard of apostrophe in terms of punctuation. As a punctuation mark, an apostrophe indicates possession [the student’s book] or an intentional omission of letters or numbers.

Though it may appear that apostrophe as punctuation is entirely different from apostrophe as a literary device, there is a similar foundation to their functions. A literary apostrophe is used by writers to allow a character or speaker to address an absent entity as if it/they were present. Like the punctuation mark, apostrophe in literature is therefore related to an intentional omission. Rather than the omission of letters or numbers, a literary apostrophe refers to an intentional absence of a subject being addressed, thereby calling attention to what is not there.

Function of Apostrophe
As a literary device, apostrophe is used in literature to allow a character to speak to an object, abstract idea, absent person, or someone who doesn’t exist as if it is a living, present person. Apostrophe is effective in a literary work for its dramatic effect, to demonstrate the importance of the object, idea, or absent person, and to allow readers to witness a character’s personal and intimate expression.
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Appositive
Definition
When a noun or word is followed by another noun or phrase that renames or identifies it, this is called appositive. This is a literary device that appears before or after a noun or noun phrase. It is always used with a comma. Simply, we can define it as a noun phrase or a noun that defines or explains another noun, which it follows. In this grammatical structure, writers place elements like noun phrases side-by-side, where one element serves to define the other, and one is in apposition to the other.

Example: [A Hanging, by George Orwell]
“We were waiting outside the condemned cells, a row of sheds fronted with double bars, like small animal cages.”

In this line, “the condemned cells” is a noun phrase, while “a row of sheds” is an appositive that explains this noun phrase.

Types of Appositive
● Restrictive Appositive - Restrictive appositive gives essential information to identify the phrase or noun in apposition. It clarifies the meaning of a phrase but, if the appositive is removed, the meaning of the entire sentence changes.

Example: ”A Christmas Memory” [By Truman Capote]
“Christmas Eve afternoon we scrape together a nickel and go to the butcher’s to buy Queenie’s traditional gift, a good gnawable beef bone.”

In the above excerpt, a restrictive appositive is clarifying and describing a noun “traditional gift.” Here, this literary device has appeared after the noun, specifying the type of gift. Drawing by By John Minnion Truman

● Non-Restrictive Appositive
Non-restrictive appositive gives non-essential or extra information, which is not important to identify the phrase or noun in apposition. This type of appositive is often used with commas.

Example: “Bronx Primitive” [By Kate Simon]
“Though her cheeks were high-colored and her teeth strong and yellow, she looked like a mechanical woman, a machine with flashing, glassy circles for eyes.”

In this example, the noun “mechanical woman” is defined and identified by a long noun phrase, a restrictive appositive, “flashing, gassy circles for eyes,” which serves as a useful device in this excerpt, and brings variety to the sentence, enhancing its meaning.

Function of Appositive
The function of appositive in literary works is to provide information, which is either essential or additional. An appositive noun also defines, explains, and clarifies the meaning of a sentence. It is helpful to combine sentences to avoid too many choppy and short sentences. In addition, an appositive phrase gives variety to a literary work by using sentences of varied lengths, allowing the writers to use interesting details with smooth flow of the reading experience.
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Asyndeton
Definition
Asyndeton is a stylistic device used to intentionally eliminate conjunctions between the phrases, and in the sentence, yet maintain grammatical accuracy. This literary tool helps in reducing the indirect meaning of the phrase, and presents it in a concise form.

The Two Types of Asyndeton Examples

● Used between words and phrases within a sentence
[Julius Caesar, Act 3, Scene 1, by William Shakespeare]
“Are all thy conquests, glories, triumphs, spoils, Shrunk to this little measure?”

● Used between sentences or clauses
[Oedipus at Colonus, by Sophecles]
“Without looking, without making a sound, without talking”

Difference Between Syndeton and Asyndeton
Syndeton and asyndeton are opposite to one another. Syndeton includes the addition of multiple conjunctions, such as in this example: “He eats and sleeps and drinks.” On the other hand, asyndeton is the elimination, or leaving out, of conjunctions, such as in this example: “He eats, sleeps, drinks.”

Each creates a completely different effect. Syndeton slows down the pace or rhythm of speech, and makes it moderate, whereas asyndeton speeds up the rhythm of the speech.

Function of Asyndeton
Asyndeton helps in speeding up the rhythm of words. It helps in attracting readers to collaborate with the writers, since it suggests that words, phrases, and sentences are incomplete, and the readers would have to do some work to deduce meanings. This version creates immediate impact, and the readers are attuned to what the author is trying to convey.
Asyndeton is often applied intentionally in order to give a unique emphasis to the text, thereby drawing the attention of readers towards a particular idea the author wants to convey.
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JUST SAYIN
That’s just the "A" list. I can't imagine why any writer would need to know these names.
■
Sources:
https://literaryterms.net/#:~:text=Literary%20Terms%20Literary%20terms%20refer%20to%20the%20technique%2C,wordsmiths%20use%20to%20coin%20new%20words%20or%20phrases.

https://www.austincc.edu/dws/literary.html
https://www.portnet.org/cms/lib/NY01001023/Centricity/Domain/83/Lit%20Term%20Glossary.pdf
https://literaryterms.net/glossary-of-literary-terms/
http://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/lit_terms.html
https://www.rfwp.com/samples/guide-to-literary-terms.pdf
https://assets.ltkcontent.com/files/Literary-Terms-Examples-Worksheet.pdf?mtime=20201223075026&focal=none
https://warreneastoncharterhigh.org/ourpages/auto/2012/5/8/66716914/LITERARY%20TERMS%20master%20list.pdf

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_literary_terms#:~:text=%20List%20of%20literary%20terms%20%201%20A.,theme%20are%20about%20seizing%20the%20moment...%20More%20

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introliterature/chapter/literary-terms-2/#:~:text=Literary%20Terms%20%20%20%20Term%20%20,a%20%20...%20%2029%20more%20rows%20

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Origin of Camels

10/1/2021

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A ”GRANNY MYTH-BUSTER” COURSE CORRECTION
When I was a small child ‒ at least a hundred and fifty years ago if it was a day ‒ my mother took me to the Shriners’ circus in Los Angeles.

I suppose I was thrilled as any child would be but later, all I can remember about the show was four or five camels running around in a circle. I decided then that camels had to be pretty stupid if that was the only trick they could learn.

What can I say? Children judge hastily.

I SAID CAMELOPS, NOT CANTALOUPES!
Did you learn in school where camel originated? Probably you were taught that camels are found primarily in desert environments of India, Asia and Africa.

Not wrong, but not the full story. Today, there are only six surviving animals which make up all branches of the Camel family. To help with the often-confusing terminology, the following chart hopefully explains the classifications.

FAMILY:                            CAMELIDAE FAMILY
                                           ▼                              ▼
GENUS:                    Camelus                        Camelids
                                 ▼         ▼                       ▼           ▼
SPECIES:          Bactrian   Dromedary      Lama Auchenia
                                                                       ▼           ▼
                                                        Llama Vicuña
Alpaca
Guanaco

Those classified as true camels are the Camelus (Genus): the Bactrian camel and the Arabian dromedary. The others four are classified as Camelids (Genus) and all reside in South America.
All living camels are descendents of the Camelops.

The two species of camels, llamas, and alpacas are now domesticated and primarily live as livestock. There are 1,400 Bactrian camels still in the wild and those are protected. The Guanaco and Vicuña also live in the wild.

In addition, there are herds wild camels in Australia which were imported to that country in the mid-eighteen hundreds.

▲ Living members of the Camelidae Family
Image Source: biologydiscussion.com/origin-of-camels

Image Credit: Jjron ▼ Image Source:
commons.wikimedia.org/w/Dromedary

● Dromedary (Arabian) Camels
Dromedaries have one hump and are found in the Middle East, Northern India, and Africa. The species has been domesticated since ancient times and has not occurred in the wild for at least 2 thousand years.

The dromedary can lose up to 30% of its water content and is therefore able to withstand arid desert conditions. Throughout the Old World, they were used for transportation and as a pack animal. Many indigenous groups still rely on this species as a source of milk and meat.

● Bactrian Camels
Bactrian camels have two humps and are found in the arid regions in central Asia. Specifically, they stick to the Gobi Desert of northern China and southern Mongolia.

oth Bactrian and Arabic camels are related but developed separately between .7 and 1.5 million years ago. Image Credit: J. Patrick Fischer ▲ Image
Source: commons.wikimedia.org/w/Dromedary
The conservation status of the wild Bactrian camel is considered critically endangered. The wild Bactrian lives in herds numbering from 6 to 30 members, depending on the availability of food and water. Its nostrils are long and very thin and it has a double set of long eyelashes. Both of these characteristics protect this species from the strong winds and blowing sands of desert storms.

THE CAMELIDAE FAMILY TREE
If you have ever attempted to develop a family tree, you know how difficult it is to organize and decide on the format. Out of at least a zillion charts, this was the easiest for me to read and understand. Adding to the confusion are the names of the families, genus, and species of the prehistoric camels. I apologize for any misinterpretations of the names and spellings. Also remember that picture are artist drawings based on the excavated skeletons.

Starting at the bottom of the chart, in the Eocene period of the Cenozoic Era, about 58 to 37 million years ago, the first progenitor of the camel evolved… the protylopus. Forget about pronunciation.

Image Source: https://www.biologydiscussion.com/animals-2/origin-of-camels-biology/59721

● Protylopus
▼ Image Source: palaeopedia.tumblr.com/protylopus

The protylopus, the earliest possible progenitor of the camel, evolved in North America. Some researchers claim it was the size of a rabbit. Wikipedia indicates that it was the small, with a height of 2.6 feet and weighing about 57 pounds. Protylopus's front legs were shorter than the hind legs, and ended in four-toed feet.

Three distinct Camelidae family lines began with the Protylopus: the Stenomylus, Paratylopus, and the Camelops, the main evolutionary line.

● Stenomylus Image Source: deviantart.com/Stenomylus ▼

The Stenonmylus lived around 20 million years ago. The species died out 3 million years ago. Stenomylus was a miniature ancestor extremely small compared to other ancient and modern camels, being about the size of a Roe deer.

● Paratylopus

This branch of the camel family lived from about 34 to 16 million years ago. This species existed for approximately 18 million years. Fossils have been found in western Wyoming, and from eastern Nebraska to northeastern Colorado, and southwestern South Dakota.
◄ Image Source: prehistoria.fandom.com/es/wi

● Camelops
This species is the main line of evolution of the camel, although some divergence in the line appears on the chart about 23 to 5 million years ago. Fossils remains show it ranges from Alaska to Mexico from the middle Pliocene to the end of the Pleistocene era.

• In the lower Miocene, 23 to 5 million years ago, a divergence occurred resulting in the Auchenia branch of the family which continued to evolve until 3 million years ago when that genus migrated from North America to South America.

◄ Genus Auchenia
Image Source: https://www.philographikon.com/goldfuss.html

• At about the same time, the main line Procamelus appeared. It had long legs designed for speed, and was about 1.3 metres (4.3 ft) in height at the shoulder, slightly smaller than a modern llama. Unlike modern camelids, it had a pair of small incisor teeth in the upper jaw. The remaining teeth were large and adapted for eating tough vegetation.
Genus Procamelus ▲ image source: parody.fandom.com//Procamelus

The shape of the toes suggests that it possessed foot pads, like modern camels, but unlike earlier forms of camelid, which generally had hooves. This would have helped it walk over relatively soft ground.

A wide variety of animals in this family branch coexisted during the Pliocene including the very large Titanotylopus. This species possessed long and massive limbs, a comparatively small braincase, and a convex slope between the eyes. Its average height was 11.5 feet at the shoulder.

The image shows the comparison of a man’s height to the Titanotylopus, the Camelops Hesternos (middle) at 7 feet at the shoulder, and the dromedary (front) at 6 feet.

Other species had long necks like giraffe. Many of these species existed at the same time.
Titanotylopus (back), Camelops Hesternos, and dromedary (front).
Image source: reddit.com/titanotylopus ►

There is some disagreement with the names on the chart, since most other references identify Camelops Hesternos as the surviving species in the line. The chart indicates Camelus.

◄ Various species of the prehistoric camel
Image Source:
pinterest.com/pin/588212401301191643/

MIGRATION
Thus, the origin of the camel family (Camelidae) is established as being North America based on finding fossils there.

During the Pleistocene era, around 3 million years ago, the first branch of this family, the Llama Auchenia, migrated to the south over the then-recently-created Isthmus of Panama. They spread out in South America where they evolved into the Llama, Alpaca, Guanaco and Vicuña. This is termed the Great American Interchange.

Migration Of Camels from North AmericaI
Image Source: bing.com/images/search

The camelops continued to exist in North America into the late Pleistocene, commonly referred to as The Ice Age, which lasted from about 2.5 million years ago to almost 12,000 years ago.

During the Ice Age, massive glaciers covered enough of the earth to lock up much of the world’s water. This caused sea levels to drop by as much as 300 feet. The Bering Strait, which separates North America from Russia was dry land (called Beringia). This happened twice: 75,000 to 45,000 years ago and then again 25,000 to 14,000 years ago. During these periods many species of animals migrated across Beringia into Russia, including Camelos.
Camelops Hesternus ▲
Image Source: prehistoric-fauna.com/Camelops-hesternus

While there is no specific evidence for the reason so many animals migrated across Beringia, the logical assumption is that the increasing cold and lack of food forced many animals to seek a more hospitable living environment.

As far as the camel is concerned, the last surviving species in North America was Camelops Hesternus, “which vanished along with horses, short-faced bears, mammoths, mastodons, ground sloths, sabertooth cats and many animals, coinciding with the migration of humans from Asia at the end of the Pleistocene, around 15,000 to 11,000 years ago.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelops

Frankly, I’d put my money on the ice age as the reason for extinction, not humans.
Camelops Hesternus, as the camel foresighted enough to make his escape over the Bering Strait, traveled through Asia and India, and down into Africa, evolving into today’s Bactrian camel and Arabian dromedary.

Now, in the unlikely event that anyone asks you where camels originated, instead of laughing or saying something like “What’s the matter with you?”, you can astound the person with the saga of the Camelos. Or not.

JUST SAYIN
■
Sources:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelops#:~:text=Both%20the%20camel%20and%20horse%20families%20originated%20in,between%20Paracamelus%20and%20Camelops%20occurred%20about%2011%E2%80%9310%20Mya.
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Images only
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http://www.dbriers.com/tutorials/2012/12/living-organisms-viewed-at-different-structures-of-organization/biological_classification/
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Classification-of-the-Camelidae-family_fig1_276102908
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2019.00017/full
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/588212401301191643/

https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=3qwEFxhh&id=D8C42EACEA158DBBA56C2A3A003C60A1B1025D1D&thid=OIP.3qwEFxhhouZtOf_h2a4y7AHaEg&mediaurl=https%3A%2F%2Fqph.fs.quoracdn.net%2Fmain-qimg-fe1378aec191045b15f9b0a77e761fbc-c&cdnurl=https%3A%2F%2Fth

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EMOTION THESAURUS FOR WRITERS – PART 5

10/1/2021

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NOTE: Most of the thesaurus content herein comes from various sources, but i have added my share based on experience as a writer. The facial expressions, in part, are from “Entusiasti Blog” (march 19, 2014). Facial expressions and other physical behavior are largely from “The Blog Muse”, emotion thesaurus posted by Angela Ackerman before she and Becca Puglisi published their books. The full list of sources is at the end.

EMOTION THESAURUS - PART 5

CONTEXT IS EVERYTHING
Take all things into account when describing a scene so that the facial expressions, body language, and context all match the situation and the reactions that you, as the author, intend it to mean. Never assume readers know what you mean. They don't know what the author is thinking.

STUBBORNNESS

The truth is that stubbornness, the dogged deter-mination not to change one's attitude or position on something. is inherited, but it generally keeps subdued. It is the situations, upbringing, and the environment that are responsible to activate it. thedeepin.wordpress.com

Facial Expression
● Closing eyes, squishing face up in a pout
● Thrusting out lower lip
● Lips turned down
● A sullen glower or glare
● Head tilted back, chin thrust upward
● Frowning, pursing lips
● Narrowing eyes

Other Physical Behavior
● A hard shake of the head
● Crossing arms
● Swiping arm across the air between yourself and another; “Enough!” gesture
● Holding your palm up to someone, signaling they stop, desist
● Raising voice, forceful or heated tone
● Saying ‘No.” or “Forget it.”
● Sarcasm, bitter words, insults or belittling
● Stiff posture
● Tightness in the face, strong jaw
● Making fists at one’s sides
● An emerging temper/anger display
● Squared shoulders, muscles rigid
● Refusing to listen
● Walking away from another person; retreating into a personal space
● Cranking up music to drown out others
● Ignoring others
● Talking to oneself, ranting or raving to justify feelings/actions
● Trying to sway others to your opinion/idea
● Heavier breathing than normal
● A temper tantrum (kicking,shouting,etc.)
●· Single-minded determination, a keen focus on goal despite pitfalls/opposition
● Refusing to give up, give in

SULLENNESS / SULKINESS

Pouting and sulking are people’s attempt to get their own way. Pouting is selfishness. Indicators are similar to stubbornness.

Facial Expression
Since sullen and sulkiness both relate to wanting your own way, the facial expression is similar to stubbornness.
● Closing eyes, squishing face up in a pout
● Thrusting out lower lip
● A sullen glower or glare
● Head tilted back, chin thrust upward
● Frowning, pursing lips
● Narrowing eyes

Other Physical Behavior
Look at characteristics fork Stubborn.

SURPRISE / SHOCK
entusiastiq.blogspot.com/facial-expressions

Surprise is often confused with fear. But when we’re afraid, our lower eyelids tighten and our eyebrows look flat and tense; with surprise, our upper eyelids rise up and our eyebrows arch. Also, our jaws drop when we’re surprised, but our lip corners go sideways when we’re afraid, making the mouth look tighter.

Some experts believe our eyes open wide like this because when we’re confronted with something surprising—a long-lost friend, an unexpected award—we try to absorb as much of this new information as possible.

Facial Expression
● Upper eyelids rise up and eyebrows arch
● Jaw drops when surprised; mouth loose
● Eyes Widen to extreme; eyes bulge
● Watering eyes

Other Physical Behavior
● Hand flies to chest
● Fingers touch parted lips
● A gasp, squeal
● A small jump, flinching or leaping back
● Takes a shuffling step or two back
● A small yelp, gasp, squeal r scream
● Tingling skin
● Heavy feeling in stomach
● Sudden stiffening posture, rigid muscles
● Shaking head, voicing denial
● Struggle to speak, jittery voice
● Racing heartbeat
● Breathlessness
● Crumpling against someone else, hiding face against their shoulder or chest
● Shaking hands
● A sudden coldness (dread) that hits at the core
● Hand reaches up to lightly clasp throat
● Splay fingers out in a fan against breastbone
● Turning away from others
● Raising hand to ward off others
● A sudden onset of anger or frustration (swearing, screaming, acting violent)
● Shoving or making contact with someone involved (a punch to the arm, poking chest, pushing shoulder)
● Flight reaction; walking/running away
● Dazed look
● Voice shaky, soft, halting, disbelieving
● Asking simple questions for clarification
● A feeling of disorientation, dizziness, euphoria
● A shaky or slow smile that builds as surprise sinks in; a bark of laughter

SUSPICIOUS / WARY / UNCONVINCED

Facial Expression
● Tilting head
● Eyes off to the side; periodic eye roll
● Pouting lips
● A furrowed brow or raised eyebrows
● Jutting chin or chin tucked in
● Licking or biting lower lip
● Pursing lips in thought
● Pressing lips in fine line
● A condescending smile

Other Physical Behavior
● Arms crossed over chest; confrontational
● Rubbing the back of the neck without making eye contact
● Clearing the throat
● General fidgeting
● Opening mouth to argue and then purposefully stopping self and uttering a platitude instead.
● Polite verbal opposition
● Biting fingernails
● Heavy sighing
● An unreadable gaze
● A delayed response
● A shake of the head
● A hesitating nod
● Shrugging
● Questioning, asking for proof, presenting possible consequences; alternatives
●·A quick eyebrow raise/eye widening, either at the person proposing the idea, or behind their back with another person present.
●·An inability to sit still, restless movements

Other Physical Behavior - continued
● Walking away
● Rigid body posture
● Sniping remarks
● Biting the inside of the cheek
● Hmming and Hawing
● A non-committal answer, "Maybe," or "We'll see."
● Avoiding hurting feelings or escalating an argument by changing the topic/diversion rather than open support
● Refusing to speak/answer, let the silence do the talking
● Nodding, but with a pained look to show that one is still not committed
● Delaying actions, asking for more time to consider
●·Making excuses for not falling into line and agreeing
●·A smirk or eye roll
●·Flapping your hand at someone, dismissing them or idea

SYMPATHETIC / EMPATHIC

To be able to orientate towards altruism and compassion requires an ability to attend to it in the verbal and non-verbal presentations of others. In social interactions, approval and disapproval are signaled by facial expressions.

Facial Expression
● A sad smile or neutral expression of mouth
● Frown
● Eyes narrowing/eyebrows pulling down in concentration

Other Physical Behavior
● Listening; leaning forward, showing interest; not interrupting
● Kind words, a soothing tone
● Telling someone that they aren't alone, how things will work out
offering a sad smile, a nod of understanding
● Fumbling for words; not sure what to say

Other Physical Behavior - continued
● Rubbing someone's back
● Squeezing a shoulder or hand
● Lightly stroking a forearm
● Gently touching another’s face
● Other comforting physical contact
● Offering a deep sigh and thoughtful expression
● A parting hug lasting longer than normal
● An understanding nod
● Crying with the person
● Looking on the bright side
● Overt patience
● Offering advice when asked (caution suggested here)

Other Not So Helpfu Physical Behavior
● Clumsy attempts to comfort: weak smile, awkward hug
● An attempt to cheer up through ‘the bright side’ outlook/analogy "Well, at least now we know," or "This could have been worse if..."
●·Using cliches (this too will pass; keep your chin up, etc)
● Giving comfort through gifts, plying a person with food, attention
● Offering unsolicited advice of a relative or well-known person ("as my grandpa used to say…")
● Fussing over the person’s appearance straightening/fluffing hair, tugging at collar, brushing shoulders, fiddling with a shirt button or tie) while talking in encouraging tones

THREATENING

There are two basic threatening facial expressions: i.e. angry and fearful faces. However, anger has a much greater impact than fear, as it increases both the rates of mistakes and the time of movement execution.

Facial Expression
Threatening expressions are very similar to anger, although a threatening person can assume a non-aggressive expression while body language expresses threat.
● Pursed lips or sneer
● Mouth turned down or open and teeth bared
● Lowered eyebrows and eyes narrowed
● Scrunched nose
● Direct eye contact; penetrating gaze
● Jaw clenched; teeth clenched
● Face may redden
● Nostrils flare

Other Physical Behavior – Overt Threat
● A raised hand, fist, finger; warning of potential physical violence
● Movement toward the person threatened; within striking distance; Getting in some-one's face
● Swearing, yelling,
● Clenching/unclenching fists, nails biting into one’s palms
● Pounding fists against thighs, table, wall
● Slamming doors, cupboards, drawers

Overt Threat - continued
● Body tense; sitting/ standing rigidly
● Muscles quivering
● Breathing noisily
● Pounding heatbeat
● Vein visibly pulsing in various body part

Other Physical Behavior – Veiled Threat
● Laughter with an edge
● Talking in a cold, controlled tone
● Speaking quietly and sarcastically
● False smile that doesn’t reach to eyes
● Eyes that are cold, hard, flinty; narrowed eyes
● Sitting/standing rigidly
● Other indications of power over the threatened person

WORRIED / ILL AT EASE

Facial Expression
● A strained or faked smile
● Wrinkled brow or quirked eyebrows
● Biting lip
● Eyebrows drawing together
● Possible circles under the eye
● Pained or watery gaze

Other Physical Behavior
● General fidgeting and repetitive motions
● Biting nails or chewing at a knuckle
● Door or clock watching
● Clasping hands tight
● A stiff neck, strained muscles
● Rarely blinking
● Throat clearing
● A gaze that flits around the room, never settling on a person or object for long
● Rubbing at face repeatedly
● Clinging to loved ones
● Taking deep breaths in an effort to calm oneself

Other Physical Behavior - continued
● Pinching bridge of nose
● Stooped posture
● Pacing
● Sleeplessness
● Lack of appetite
● Loss of weight
● New wrinkles
● Rumpled, unwashed clothes
● Uncertainty over choices made
● Uncared for apearance
● Premature gray
● Inability to focus
● Jumping at the sound of the phone or doorbell
● Illogical fears, Panic attacks
● Lack of communication with others, Distancing self from others
● Bouts of sighing
● Putting up a "false front", as if everything is okay

JUST SAYIN
■
Sources:
https://www.psychmechanics.com/facial-expressions-disgust/
http://entusiastiq.blogspot.com/2014/03/facial-expressions.html
https://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-tell-someones-lying-by-watching-their-face-2016-1#take-note-of-what-youre-asking-them-5
http://www.nlp-secrets.com/how-to-tell-if-someone-is-lying.php
http://www.cccoe.net/social/bodylang.htm
http:/thedreamwithinpictures.com/blog/portrait-analysis-reveals-that-the-human-face-can-express-at-least-21-emotions
https://imotions.com/biosensor/fea-facial-expression-analysis/?creative=377770993338&keyword=facial%20expression%20analysis&matchtype=b&network=s&device=c&gclid=EAIaIQobChMImOfH2Zms8QIVi7bICh3HxQGPEAAYAiAAEgLDUvD_BwE
https://devblogs.microsoft.com/cse/2015/11/29/emotion-detection-and-recognition-from-text-using-deep-learning/#:~:text=Sentiment%20Analysis%20aims%20to%20detect%20positive%2C%20neutral%2C%20or,such%20as%3A%20Gauging%20how%20happy%20our%20citizens%20are.
https://allwritealright.com/how-to-describe-facial-expressions-in-writing/
https://kathysteinemann.com/Musings/expressions/
https://www.macmillandictionary.com/thesaurus-category/british/words-used-to-describe-facial-expressions
https://www.nownovel.com/blog/talking-character-face/
https://thoughtcatalog.com/january-nelson/2018/06/list-of-emotions/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24724522/
https://www.schoolofmotion.com/blog/understanding-the-principles-of-anticipation
https://ricepsychology.com/rice-psychology-team/dr-wendy-rice/being-bored-why-its-a-good-thing-for-your-kids/
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/annals-the-emotions/201508/what-do-you-look-when-you-re-bored
https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-pride-and-vs-confidence/#:~:text=%20What%20is%20the%20difference%20between%20Prid
https://listverse.com/2013/07/05/ten-compelling-origins-of-our-facial-expressions/#:~:text=10%20Common%20Facial%20Expressions%20Explained%201%20Confusion.%20An,Fear.%20...%209%20Sadness.%20...%2010%20Happiness.%20
https://thoughtcatalog.com/january-nelson/2018/06/list-of-emotions/#:~:text=Facial%20Expression%2FEmotion%3A%20Happy%20Happiness%20is%20an%20emotion%20that,studied%20throughout%20different%20philosophical%2C%20religious%2C%20and%20biological%20approaches. Go back to this one
https://thetrustambassador.com/2020/04/27/body-language-76-contempt/#:~:text=The%20most%20obvious%20body%20language%20associated%20with%20superiority,by%20looking%20down%20one%E2%80%99s%20nose%20at%20another%20person.
https://www.mindful.org/what-compassion-looks-like/#:~:text=%20This%20means%20literally%20tuning%20in%20to%20the,%E2%80%9CApproach%E2%80%9D%20signals%2C%20such%20as%20learning%20toward...%20More
https://www.ionos.com/startupguide/productivity/body-language/#:~:text=Facial%20expression%201%20Interest%2Fcuriosity%3A%20Your%20eyes%20are%20wide,wide%20and%20eyebrows%20are%20raised.
https://writershelpingwriters.net/2008/06/emotion-thesaurus-entry-curiosity/
https://www.presentationprep.com/body-language-face/#:~:text=During%20a%20presentation%2C%20your%20face%20conveys%20more%20to,also%20communicate%20fear%2C%20frustration%2C%20or%20lack%20of%20control.
https://www.verywellmind.com/understand-body-language-and-facial-expressions-4147228
http://rainydaywriting.co.uk/portraying-the-emotion-of-desperation/#:~:text=%20Expressing%20the%20emotion%20of%20desperation%20%201,Needing%20or%20wanting%20something%20very%20much%20More%20
https://accuratebodylanguage.wordpress.com/tag/disgust/#:~:text=DISGUST%20usually%20involves%20the%20sense%20of%20smell%2C%20taste%2C,indicating%20disgust%3A%20Forehead%3A%20usually%20relaxed.%20Eyebrows%20are%20lowered.
https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/how_many_different_human_emotions_are_there#:~:text=Psychology%20once%20assumed%20that%20most%20human%20emotions%20fall,emotions%E2%80%94and%20they%20are%20intimately%20connected%20with%20each%20other.
The Bookshelf Muse,
http://thebookshelfmuse.blogspot.com/
https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/are_emotions_born_or_made

https://www.medicinenet.com/what_are_the_27_basic_emotions/article.htm#:~:text=The%2027%20different%20emotions%20include%3A%201%20Admiration%202,Boredom%209%20Calmness%2010%20Confusion%20More%20items...%20
https://online.uwa.edu/news/emotional-psychology/#:~:text=Emotions%20and%20Psychology%201%20Basic%20and%20Complex%20Emotions.,Schachter-Singer%20Theory.%20...%208%20Cognitive%20Appraisal%20Theory.%2
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/between-cultures/201911/understanding-hate
https://www.scienceofpeople.com/microexpressions/
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/fulfillment-any-age/201407/the-one-emotion-really-hurts-your-brain

https://jenriggs.com/stress/impatience/#:~:text=Impatience%20arose%20from%20our%20hunter-gatherer%20days%20and%20told,details%2C%20see%20%E2%80%9CWhy%20Your%20Brain%20Hates%20Slowpokes%E2%80%9D%20.%29

https://onestopforwriters.com/emotions/RESIGNATION#:~:text=DEFINITION%3A%20The%20state%20of%20surrendering%20because%20one%20must%2C,little%20or%20no%20resistance%20PHYSICAL%20SIGNALS%20AND%20BEHAVIORS%3A
https://www.nbcnews.com/health/body-odd/shy-people-are-better-reading-facial-expressions-flna954293

https://thedeepin.wordpress.com/2014/03/28/psychology-of-being-stubborn/#:~:text=The%20truth%20is%20that%20stubbornness%20is%20inherited%2C%20but,the%20environment%20that%20are%20responsible%20to%20activate%20it.

https://onestopforwriters.com/emotions/RESIGNATION

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Sports Cliches

9/17/2021

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A television program I watched recently was chock full of mispronunciations and clichés ‒ my most proficient language ‒ and the thought struck me how many of the American English metaphors, clichés, and slang words come from the various sports.

Every profession has its own language where the words and phrases describe certain activities and situations. Sports are no exception. These words and phrases are used by the athletes who play, coaches, announcers, and fans ‒ those involved in the sport. However, a sports clichés described by those people are overused descriptions of those activities and situations related to that sport ‒ more in the nature of buzz words.

Take a look at what the “experts” claim as language unique to their sport. Don’t be surprised to see duplications. Can you identify which came first…the general language cliché or the sports terminology?

BASEBALL Whether or not baseball was invented by the Americans ‒ there is still some debate ‒ it is still the All-American-Game.

The Washington Post, not too long ago, studied nearly 7,000 baseball interviews conducted over a time span of twenty years and complied a comprehensive list of what they called baseball clichés. The phrase “we gotta play ’em one day at a time” was used 485 times and “tip your cap”, over 300 times. If you think about it, out of 7000 conversations, these numbers are actually rather small.

● “It’s not over till the fat lady sings.”
The first recorded use of this phase is believed to be from Ralph Carpenter in the newspaper Dallas Morning News, March 1976. To give context for the following quote, a basketball game was being played and the score was tied.

● “Stepping up to the plate”
This phrase tells the batter to step up to home plate and prepare to bat the ball. From the late 1900s on it was frequently transferred to other enterprises, especially business, politics, and other sports even though they don’t use “plates”.

● “Rub some dirt on it”
This origins of this phrase are claimed by both baseball and football. Some claim in comes from very old medical advice. I hope they're wrong.

● “Three strikes and you’re out. ● “It ain’t over ’til it’s over”
● “Grab some bench” ● “Going, going, gone”
● “Ducks on the pond” ● “Back against the wall”
● “A Grand Slam” ● “Kiss that one goodbye”
● “He crushed it” ● “He sent that one into orbit”
● “He tattooed that one ● “He was caught napping”
● “He wishes he could have that one back.”

FOOTBALL
American Football resulted from several major divergences from soccer and rugby, most notably the rule changes were instituted by a Yale University athlete and coach, Walter Camp, considered the "Father of American Football".

The so-called Football clichés sound more like existing clichés and terminology that have been adapted to football, rather than originating first as football language. But that’s just my impression.

● “We have to come together as a team.”                   ● “There’s no “I” in team.”
● “He knows what it takes to win.”                               ● “He just knows how to win”
● "The game will be won in the trenches" ● "We need to air it out"
● “He has a motor that doesn't quit"                            ● “Too good to go down”
● “He gave 110% / he worked his socks off ● “Bad time to concede”
● "The defense is flying around with their ears pinned back"

BASKETBALL
Basketball was invented by James Naismith on or about December 1. 1891, at the International Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) Training School, Springfield, Massachusetts, where Naismith was an instructor in physical education. Basketball is the only major sport strictly of U.S. origin.

● “A defense that bends but doesn’t break.”             ● “Take care of the ball.”
● “We left it all on the court” ● “He’s playing his game.”
● “They’re playing within themselves.”   ● “It’s a marathon, not a sprint.”
● “He always gives 110%.” ● “They've been ice-cold.”
● “They play above the rim.”. ● “It's raining threes.”
● “They're shooting the lights out.” ● “He can fill it up.”
● “He's automatic.” ● “He can really dish the rock.”
● “He has the hot hand.”
● “The winner can punch their ticket to The Dance.”

GOLF
The origins of the sport of golf are still widely debated, but it is generally acknowledges that the modern version of golf developed in Scotland from the middle ages onwards.

Golf did not become popular internationally until the late 19th century, when it spread into the rest of the British Empire and to the United States. Now it is one of the favorite social sports.

● “Fore!”
"Fore" is a word of warning yelled by a golfer who hits an errant shot. If your shot is in danger of hitting or landing very close to another golfer or group of players on the golf course, you should yell "fore!"

● “Drive for show and putt for dough.”
Putting is the difference between winning and losing on the major tours and this is probably how and why this golf term originated.

● “Never up, never in”
This is another one for the award of ‘captain obvious’ clichés that gets commonly heard around golf courses. It gets said when a golfer leaves a putt short of the hole that appears to be right on line.

● “That will bring rain”
● "It's pure golf."

● "You've got to know where to miss it."
Tour pros and average golfers both trot this one out often -- their way of saying it's taken them years of painstaking study to discover you don't want to hit your ball into one of the ponds.

SOCCER
● “Caught sleeping
Usually used when a player has made a silly or foolish mistake that could have been entirely, easily avoidable.
● “Class act”
A phrase used in soccer to describe players or figures who have done something respectable or remarkable, on or off the pitch.

● “Clean sheet”
When a team manages to not concede a single goal for the duration of the match.

● “Consolation”
A late goal in a loss that won’t change the score is a consolation goal.

● “Early doors”
Used by commentators to describe the opening stages of the game. For example, 'It’s just gone 10 minutes so it’s still early doors.'

● “End-to-end stuff”
Describing a match that is so action-packed and engrossing that it’s impossible to take your eyes off of it.

● “Hairdryer treatment”
This is Sir Alex Ferguson’s preferred post-match tactic. The legendary Scotsman would yell at his players mercilessly in the dressing room in order to motivate them – acting as the ‘hairdryer’ in this analogy.

● “In his pocket”
When a player has dominated their marked target for the duration of the game, usually used for defenders marking their forward counterparts.

● “Kill the game”
Used when a goal is scored to define the score line of the game and put an end to it.

● “Lost the dressing room”
When a manager or key figure in the team has lost the backing of the team or coaching staff.

● “Park the bus”
A favored tactic which involves setting up your entire team in a defensive shape in order to tire out opponents and preserve the clean sheet.

● “Couldn’t Hit A Cow's Backside With A Banjo"
This particular phrase relates directly to those players whose job it is to find the back of the net.

● "Got The Bottle"
If someone does or does not have the bottle, it means that will they stand up to a high pressured scenario.

● "Stepping Up To The Plate"
This means that no matter what side of the bed a player falls out of, it is up to them to give 110% when they step on to the hallowed turf.

●"Putting In a Shift"
A player can often turn in a great performance but if they have gone above and beyond the call of duty then this is referred to at times as putting in a shift.

● "Into the mix”
When games are tense and run into overtime, teams often launch the ball into the 18 yard box. This is done for a host of reasons but ultimately, it is to force the issue of trying to score. This is often referred to by commentators as putting the ball “into the mix.”

● "Not Over Till The Fat Lady Sings"
Under normal circumstances, it is down to the referee to call a game to an end. Yet, as many commentators know, the match is definitely not over until the fat lady sings. This phrase is one of the most common used and has been utilized in numerous situations by numerous sports.

● "Onion Bag"
Another phrase for the goal, the onion bag has often been spoken about by a wealth of commentators around the globe. But the onion bag signifies a bulging net full of not vegetables but footballs. It is believed that the onion bag originated back because goal nets were previously made from an onion bag, or so the rumor goes.

THE "SWEET" SCIENCE" OF BOXING
For those you who aren’t boxing fans, the “Sweet Science” is the term used for sport of pugilism.

British sportswriter Pierce Egan called boxing the ‘sweet science’ in 1813 since it is a sport that requires fighters to be tactical and scientific in their approach. The term is still used today by many fighters and analysts. A modern example of a boxer that exemplifies the essence of the sweet science is Floyd Mayweather Jr.

Mayweather is methodical, and uses his left jab to break his opponents down. He is the master of defensive boxing. He is a safety first fighter that sticks to his game plan to ensure victory. His record is 50 fights fought, fifty fights won. Looks like the strategy works.

This sport brings to the table many terms, metaphors, and clichés used by many people, whether or not they know where the words came from.

● “Beat someone to the punch”
The cliché means throwing the first punch before your opponent can. This boxing sense is from 1913 while the figurative meaning came about just couple of years later.

● “Below the belt”
This term, meaning unfair, comes from the unfair and illegal boxing maneuver of hitting someone in the nether regions. The phrase gained its figurative meaning around 1889.

● “Blow by Blow”
This term relates to a very detailed description of a boxing match and was originally used starting in the early 1920s. By the 1940s, blow-by-blow was being used in a non-boxing sense, perhaps first by mystery writer Hilda Lawrence in her novel Death of a Doll: "Maybe we'd better get together. Blow by blow description."

● “Glutton for punishment”
Glutton meaning an enthusiast for something—a glutton for books, for example—has been in use since the early 1700s. However, the phrase glutton for punishment, one who refuses to leave a losing situation, is a mid-1800s term that comes from pugilism.

● “Groggy”
The word we know as meaning sleepy or out of it originally meant “intoxicated,” and came from grog, an old-time alcoholic beverage. Groggy meaning “dazed” is from the boxing ring, meaning weakened in a fight, hence staggering, shaky, and unsteady.

● “Killer instinct”
Killer instinct was first used to describe American prize fighter Jack Dempsey in the early 1930s. Now the term refers the drive to succeed in anything and at any cost.

● “On the ropes”
When a fighter is pushed up against the ropes of the boxing ring by his opponent, he’s in big trouble. Hence, the figurative meaning of on the ropes is being near defeat or in poor condition.

● “Palooka”
The word palooka originally referred to a mediocre prizefighter. The prizefighter sense originated around 1926, and is credited to Jack Conway, the editor of Variety magazine. Joe Palooka was a 1920s comic that featured a dim-witted boxer with a heart of gold, which helped popularize the “oafishness” connotation of the word.

● “Pluck”
In late 18th century pugilism slang, a brave fighter was said to have pluck. Pluck earlier referred to the heart and entrails of a slaughtered animal, or that which could be “plucked” from a carcass. The figurative sense in fighting was that of courage, which at the time was believed to reside in the heart.

●.”Punch-Drunk”
This term meaning dazed and confused originated in boxing parlance referring to a fighter stupefied by too many punches to the head. Later, punch-drunk came to mean a neurological condition seen often in boxers and formally known as chronic traumatic encephalopathy.

● “Roll with the punches”
Originally, to roll or ride with the punches, or to adapt easily to adverse circumstances, comes from the fighting maneuver of moving or rolling one’s head and body away from a blow to lessen its impact. Now it’s used to mean go along with what happenes. Go with the flow.

● “saved by the bell”
Saved by the bell is an idiom meaning to be rescued at the last moment from a sticky situation, usually by a stroke of good luck. While there’s a wide-held belief that the origin of the phrase has to do with a 17th-century fear of being buried alive and subsequent coffins equipped with bells to save any such unlucky individuals, it’s actually—you guessed it—a boxing term referring to a losing fighter being “saved” by a bell that signals the end of a round.

● “throw in the towel”
To throw in the towel, or give up, came from the early 20th-century boxing practice of literally throwing a white towel into the ring when admitting defeat. This convention comes from an earlier one of throwing up a sponge to admit defeat, hence another giving-up phrase, “to throw (or chuck) up the sponge.”

● “throw one's hat in the ring”
While throwing in the towel signifies giving up, throwing one’s hat in the ring shows you’re ready for a fight. This custom is from at least the early 1800s, a time when most men wore hats, and would have been more reliable than trying to make yourself heard over a noisy, fight-thirsty crowd.

● “bare-knuckle”
This means fierce or determined (from boxing done without gloves).

● “come out fighting/swinging”
The term means the boxer should be immediately aggressive or energetic.

There are far fewer sports terms than I expected which have become common metaphors or clichés. The majority are from boxing and some from baseball.

That makes sense. Pugilism in some form has been around since the 3rd millennium BC. The earliest appearance of boxing in history comes from Sumerian artifacts found in Iraq. Other evidence has been found in Assyria and Babylonia. Later, the sport moved on to Greece and Rome.

Modern boxing was introduced by Jack Broughton, a bare-knuckle boxing champion, with boxing’s first set of rules for modern times, and many of these are present in ever rules used today.

Given the history, it is not surprising that the sport terminology evolved before it was absorbed into the English language as metaphors and clichés.

JUST SAYIN
■
Sources:
https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/63958/15-common-phrases-come-boxing#:~:text=15%20Common%20Phrases%20that%20Come%20from%20Boxing%201,...%206%20KILLER%20INSTINCT.%20...%20More%20items...%20

https://www.theboxingplanet.com/why-is-boxing-called-the-sweet-science/#:~:text=Boxing%20is%20called%20the%20sweet%20science%20because%20it,1813%20by%20British%20journalist%20and%20sportswriter%20Pierce%20Egan.

https://rotisserieduck.com/2018/09/07/baseball-cliches-good-bad/
https://www.sportsfeelgoodstories.com/sports-cliches/#:~:text=%EE%80%80Basketball%EE%80%81%2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_baseball

https://evolve-mma.com/blog/the-history-and-origins-of-boxing/#:~:text=The%20earliest%20appearance%20of%20boxing%20in%20history%20comes,wrapped%20fists%20for%20the%20first%20time%20in%20sport.

https://sportslens.com/football-cliches/86789/#:~:text=The%20https://www.dailywritingtips.com/55-boxing-idioms/12%20most%20annoying%20football%20clich%C3%A9s%201.%20Football,player%2C%20and%20almost...%203.%20A%20great%20advert%20

https://247sports.com/college/byu/LongFormArticle/College-football-cliches-byu-football-2021-season-projection-167967562/#167967562_8

https://www.dailywritingtips.com/55-boxing-idioms/
https://www.sporcle.com/games/Rocky123/basketball-cliches
https://www.sportsfeelgoodstories.com/sports-cliches/#:~:text=%EE%80%80Basketball%EE%80%81%2
https://www.sportsfeelgoodstories.com/sports-cliches/#:~:text=%EE%80%80Basketball%EE%80%81%2
https://hittingitsolid.com/blog/golf-cliches/
http://www.sportscliche.com/basketball.html
https://hittingitsolid.com/blog/golf-cliches/
https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/soccers-slang-cliches-idioms-explained-what-do-they-mean/io4qmsxgr1j516fthrel36lvh
https://www.britannica.com/sports/basketball
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_golf
□

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Emotion Thesaurus For Writers - Part 4

9/10/2021

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EMOTION THESAURUS – PART 4

LONELINESS

Facial Expression
● Unsmiling, or sad smile; expressionless
● Dull or watery eyes/a gaze that convey longing
● half-lidded eyes; a downcast gaze
● A lack of eye contact
● Downward tilt of head
● Slight frown

Other Physical Behavior
● Avoids crowds or large events
● People watches, craving contact
● Wears comfort clothes
● Uses books, the Internet, TV to 'escape' and generate a feeling of interaction
● Rubbing shoulders through clothes, hugging shoulders

Other Physical Behavior continued
● Bringing feet up when sitting, scrunching up
● A desire to be included, wanted
●Expression crumples at people showing expression
● Pain in the chest
● False bravado that one is fine or happy as things are
● Tears, sadness, depression
● Gives an abnormal amount of love and attention to someone or something, trying to fill the void
● Overeating
● Binging in other ways (home shopping network, buying self 'treats' to perk up mood like shoes, candles, jewelry--items that aren't needed)
● Frequent phone calls to family or friends
● A willingness to talk to strangers just to interact
● A disinterest in appearance or an abnormal/obsessive interest in appearance
● Slumped shoulders, limp posture
● Adheres to routine; schedules things on certain days to look forward to it, keeps busy with
● Workaholic, filling the void with work
● Avoids social situations because a feeling of inadequacy
● Over friendliness, pushing self on people in hopes of being liked

LOVE / ATTRACTION / FLIRTATION
Love Flirtatiousness/Falling in Love
entusiastiq.blogspot.com/facial-expressions entusiastiq.blogspot.com/facial-expressions

Facial Expression
When we feel longer-lasting love, our facial expression often resembles happiness: The zygomatic major muscle pulls the lip corners up, and there’s a tightening of the lower eyelid.

But the distinct expression of love combines these muscle movements with a tilt of the head to the side. That’s a sign of intimacy and connection beyond just happiness.

● A genuine, soft smile
● Wrinkles around eyes, pouching of the lower lid
● Crinkling of the face with a genine smile
● Frequent eye contact, particularly when talking
● Eyes sparkle and are alert

Other Physical Behavior - Love
● The whole body seems to smile frequently
● Gazing into each other’s eyes
● Shoulders leaning in, particularly when talking
● Paying attention to details
● Small gestures of physical contact, holding hands, brushing fingers across cheek, etc.
● Walking side by side; touching
● Feelings of warm fuzzies in the core
● Sitting together in quietness without needing to speak
● Finishing each other’s sentences

Facial Expression
● A coy, flirtatious smile.
● Turning head away to signal ‘I’m not interested in you,’ but simultaneously making eye contact. [That’s a universal display that reflects the ambivalence of flirtation]
● The zygomatic major muscle pulling the lip corners up, which also raises the cheeks slightly.
● Eyes are narrower than in a neutral state because the orbicularis oculi muscles around the eyes contract, suggesting feelings of happiness
● Staring, mouth slightly open
● Eyes wide

Other Physical Behavior – Flirtation and Falling In Love
● Unsteady on feet
● Mouth going dry ; unable to speak
● Non-stop talking
● Shyness
● Throat clearing, swallowing
● Fluttering in stomach, feeling of nausea
● Tongue getting tangled, going speechless
● Nervous behaviors: shuffling feet
● Moistening lips
● Worrying over appearance
● Feelings of insecurity
● Mental fuzziness, lightheadedness
● Difficulty focusing on tasks
● Feeling faint
● Quick, shallow breathing
● Pulse racing
● Heart beating, banging, hammering
● Jangling nerves, jumpiness
● Tingling skin, limbs, a hyper-awareness of the body
● Weak knees or legs
● Exhibiting obsessive behavior
● Showing affection—stroking an arm, cheek; holding hands, kissing, hugging
● Swaying to bump against other person
● Electric feeling at accidental touches
● Exchanging personal effects
● Sitting together, legs touching, arm around shoulders
● Feeling or displaying jealousy at the attention from another toward your love interest

LYING

Lying isn’t exactly an emotion but it is something writers need to handle in novels. Not every lie involves emotions, but those that do cause special problems for the liar… and maybe the author.

An attempt to hide a feeling or conceal an emotion at the moment it is felt could be betrayed in words, but except for a slip of the tongue, it usually isn’t. But it can be detected in facial expression.

Mark Bouton, an FBI agent for 30 years and author of "How to Spot Lies Like the FBI” gives some practical hints on how to tell when someone is lying.

Body Language
● Eyes dart back and forth.
"This is a physiological reaction to him feeling uncomfortable or trapped by your questions that he doesn't want to answer," Bouton says.

Body Language Continued

● Eyes blink rapidly, five or six times in rapid succession.
"A person will ordinarily blink about five or six times a minute, or once every 10 or 12 seconds," Bouton says. "When stressed — for instance, when someone knows he's lying — he may blink five or six times in rapid succession."
● Closing eyes for more than one second at a time.
● Right landed people usually look to the right when they are trying to remember what they saw.
"When you ask a normal, right-handed person about something he's supposed to have seen, if he looks upward and to his left, he's truly accessing his memory of the incident,"
● Right landed people usually look directly to the right when lying about something they heard.

● Right handed people look down to the right when lying about smells or sensations.
"His eyes will shift downward and to his left if he's going to tell you his memory of a smell or touch or sensation, such as a cold draft or a terrible odor," Bouton explains. "But his eyes will shift down and to his right if he's going to lie."

● Bunched skin beneath and wrinkles beside the eyes indicate a real smile
●Face touching
● Excessive sweating
● Pursed lips

Quoting Mark Bouton
Authors: Rachel Gillett and Samantha Lee
Jan 11, 2019
https://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-tell-someones-lying-by-watching-their-face-2016-1#take-note-of-what-youre-asking-them-5

PAIN

Physical
Pain is the body’s “dashboard light” when something is wrong. It is the distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli, which can be both physical and emotional.

Physical responses can vary depending on which kind of pain is involved. In medical diagnosis, pain is regarded as a symptom of an underlying condition.

Facial Expression
When we feel pain, our facial muscles move in ways that contract the face and protect us from harm.

● In the upper half of the face, the orbicularis oculi muscles around the eyes contract, closing the eyes tightly. Eyes can also squeeze shut
● The corrugator muscle lowers the eyebrows; deep frown with lines between eyes
● Lips tighten and press upwards.
● If eyes open, they appear glassy or glazed over
● Pale or Blotchy skin
● Clenched teeth
entusiastiq.blogspot.com/facial-expressions

Other Physical Behavior – Physical Pain
● Probing the pained area and wincing
● Hobbling about, taking tentative steps
● Tightness in the expression
● Shuddering breaths
● Taking a deep breath before moving
● Tight muscles, rigidness
● Expelling a grunt or pained hiss at exertion
● Asking for aid (to move, to get something, to call for help)
● Trying to sleep it off
● Short-temperedness
● Depression
● Gripping onto people or nearby objects for additional support
● Arms wrapped around middle
● Rocking back and forth

Emotional
Emotional pain can be described as heart-ache which results from a painful experience, such as the loss of a loved one. It can stem from depression, anxiety, disappointment, fear or guilt, and tends to worsen when you replay and relive painful, traumatic events that occurred in the past.

Other Physical Behavior - Emotional
Physical behavior may resemble other emotions such as disappointment, empathy, loneliness, or sadness.

● Clenched stomach
● Tight chest
● Hearing one's own heartbeat in ears
● A throbbing pain in chest
● Speechlessness
● Mouth opening in shock, gaping
● Shaking head in denial
● Tears, sobbing, wailing
● A clogged throat or thickness in throat
● Weariness; Numbness; ● Weak knees
● Shaking, trembling

Other Physical Behavior – Physical Pain\
● Rubbing at the offending spot
● Nausea
● Dizziness
● Fainting/blacking out
● Buckling knees
● Hallucinations
● Racing heart
● Pulsing blood
● Shaking fingers; Trembling limbs
● Pale or Blotchy skin
● Feeling cold or feverish
● Dry mouth
● Gasping for breath
● Screaming or crying; Moaning/groaning
● Sweating
● Biting lip

● Unable to articulate self to others
● Depression
● Flight response
● Unsteady of feet; stumbling
● Falling into a chair or slumping to the floor
● An inability to eat or sleep
● Obsessing on the person/event that causes the pain
●Anger; lashing out at those around you
● Wanting to be alone; avoiding others
● Closed body language: pulling knees to chest, curling up, slumping over chest, etc
● Kneading/rubbing or pressing at chest
● Loss of breath; ● Hyperventilation
● Head hanging down, hair in face
● Unkempt appearance
● Not caring about other's needs

RELIEF

Other Physical Behavior - continued
● Breaking down/tears
● A gasp, moan, shout
● Breaking down/tears
● A gasp, moan, shout

Facial Expression
● Pursed mouth,
● Eyes turn up, looking heavenward
● Wide eyes or lowered lids
● Slightly raised eyebrows
● A slow smile

Other Physical Behavior
● Hand covering mouth or eyes
● Back or palm of hand to forehead
● Letting out a long breath; whew!
● Shaking head and closing eyes
● Dry mouth
● Repeating self, talking too much
● A need to sit down and let the relief sink in

● Hands tremor
● Reaching out to another for comfort
wanting to be held
● Body slumping, losing stiff posture
● Shaky laughter
● Falling back into a chair; sagging against a wall
● Ask/demand someone to repeat good news
● Shaky knees, legs
● Struggle to speak, find the right words
● Crying/calling out in release
● Touching face, hair
● Rocking back and forth
● Mouth gaping in shock
● A compulsion to thank others involved
● Pressing hands to stomach, over heart
● Head bowing down briefly
● Compulsive nodding
● Letting head fall back
● Uttering a soft curse or thanking God

RELUCTANCE

You feel reluctance when you have to do something that you don’t feel like doing. For instance, when you remember you still have to do the dishes, when you have to spend money on a necessary car repair, or when friends urge you to tell an embarrassing story.

Although these routine examples are quite different, they follow the same principle: there is an activity that is unpleasant, but that you have to engage in for reasons that are more important than the displeasure.

The opposite is also possible; sometimes we refrain from doing something that is pleasant, but we know we shouldn’t do.

Facial Expression
● Pressing lips together
● Gritting teeth
● A grimace, a pained look
● Eyebrows squeeze together, a focused inward look of discomfort
● Eyes glance around uneasily
● The head pulling back as the shoulders push forward.
● A faked smile, filled with discomfort
● Biting lips
Facial expression may look similar to guilt.

Other Physical Behavior
● Hesitation in speech and in movement
● Tense arms, shoulders, or face.
● Pressing a hand to stomach
● A hard, obvious swallow
● Wetting lips and giving a jerky nod of assent
● Tension in arms, shoulders, face
● Biting nails
● Pinching the bridge of the nose and squeezing eyes tight
● Tapping a fist against the lip or other repetitive behaviors

Other Physical Behavior - continued
● Reaching out slowly to assist or take something
● Experiencing a moral dilemma
● Taking a deep breath before acting
●Backing away from a situation, avoiding notice
● Shaking hands, nervous twitching
●· Hands half curling into fists and then straightening
● Stuttering, stammering
● Making excuses, lying
● Holding a hand up, warding someone off
●Asking for someone else to help/ act instead
● A pained or look of guilt
● Hand fluttering to lips or neck, as if to cover
● General Fidgeting: running hand through hair distractedly, pacing, looking for an exit
● Trying to brush off the situation or pretend things are fine to avoid responsibility
● Jumpiness
● Trying to change the topic, divert attention, etc to not become involved
● Citing a list of things to prove why they are too busy, not well enough equipped to handle the task or is the wrong person to ask
● Closed body language; hands up in front

RESENTMENT

Facial Expression
Most often resentment causes a pinched and bitter facial expression.

Unlike many emotions, resentment does not have physical tags exclusively related to it that telegraph when a person is feeling this emotion. However, physical expressions associated with related emotions such as anger and envy may be exhibited, such as furrowed brows or bared teeth.

● Narrowed eyes; glaring eyes or refusing to make eye contact
● Frown
● Lips compressed and turned down
● Bared teeth
● Pouting
● Scrunched face

Other Physical Behavior
●·Crossing arms over chest
●·Hunched shoulders, pouting
●·Spinning away in a huff
●·Lifting your chin up sharply
●·Refusing to apologize, or giving a forced apology
● Rolling eyes
●·Rudeness
●·Complaining to others
●·Mumbling, muttering, cursing
●·Sulking, moping, whining

Other Physical Behavior - continued
●·A dark look, giving someone the 'stink eye'
●·Tension in neck, shoulders, arms
●·Sharp movements: stalking off, stomping up the stairs, swinging arms determinedly to show defiance
●·Displaying anger such as giving someone a shove, breaking something
●·Shouting
●·Locking oneself into a bedroom or bathroom, refusing to come out
●·Refusing to speak to someone or interact with others
●·Refusing to eat
●·Showing defiance through other means (doing or not doing something)
●·Purposely trying to push people's hot buttons to get them upset or ruin their time
●·Kicking at the table when sitting, thumping foot against a table leg or chair on purpose to annoy others
●·Having vengeful thoughts towards others
●·Angry tears
●·Accusing people (parents, teachers, a girlfriend/boyfriend, etc) of not loving them, or favoring someone else above them.
●·A desire to spoil other peoples moods
●·Gossip-mongering, trying to damage someone's reputation
●·Cattiness
●·Purposeful ignoring

RESIGNATION

Resignation is the state of surrendering because one must, often with little or no resistance. It is a kind of acceptance of the state of things and hoping the outcome will be favorable but accepting that it may not be. In a way, it’s giving up hope.

Facial Expression
● Loose jaw
● Lips slightly compressed and turned down at one corner or both
●Eyebrows pulled into a slight frown in center and turned up at sides
● Wrinkled forehead
● A dimming gaze; glazed eyes
● Trembling chin
● Bunching up bottom lip, then loosening
Facial expression much like sadness.

Other Physical Behavior
● Sighing dejectedly; A long exhale
● Slumped or sagging shoulders
● Blank features
● Stooped posture
● Shuffling footsteps
● Small steps
● Tears
● A monotone voice
● Becoming less verbal over time
● Answering with a small nod
● A half-hearted shrug
● Expression leaves face
● Looking down or away
● A mirthless smile
● Muttering, mumbling
● Movements are stilled
● Head in hands, silent tears
● Propping cheek up with fist

Other Physical Behavior - continued
● Being at a loss for words
●A shake of the head
● Head tipping back on neck to look skyward
● 'Falling' into a seat
● Agreeing without caring
● Rubbing hand through the hair in distraction
● Clasping hands together
● Leaning forward, elbows on knees
● Limp hands & arms
● Staring off at nothing
● Head hanging
●Feeling directionless
● Becoming less verbal; words trickle off
● General disinterest in everything
● Non responsive or slowed response to stimulus (loud noises, activity, a person speaking)
● A desire to sleep or tune out
● Depressed hunger and thirst

SADNESS / GRIEF

Sadness is a transient, or short-lived, emotional state generally associated with with negative moods and unhappy feelings.

Sadness is considered to be one of the basic human emotions and it is a natural response to those situations which involve psychological, emotional, and/or physical pain or loss.
entusiastiq.blogspot.com/facial-expressions

Sadness is characterized by oblique eyebrows, where the corrugator muscles pull the eyebrows in, but the inner part of the frontalis muscle pulls them up. There’s also a little pouching in the inner part of the forehead, and people will often look down. Plus, the corners of the lips are pulled straight down, giving the mouth a curved look.

The expression of sadness is often confused with shame, and it shares the oblique eyebrow muscle movements of compassion.

Facial Expression
● Eyebrows frowning, wrinkled forehead
● A little pouching in the inner part of the forehead
● Eyes half-lidded, looking down
● Teary eyes; eyes red and swollen from crying
● Downturned lips

Other Physical Behavior
● Tears pouring, dripping, coursing
● Makeup running
●·Splotchy skin● Stiff eyelids
●·Aching chest
● Scratchy throat; soreness in the throat, lungs
● Hyperventilating/can't catch breath
● Fainting
● World seems slow down
● Heaviness in chest, limbs
●·Wincing
●·Voice breaking; tearful voice
● Heart that is breaking, aching
● Difficulty responding to questions, interacting with people
● Staring down at hands

Other Physical Behavior – Longer-term Grief
● Constant ache
● Uncontrollable crying
● Lashing out at others
● Addictive behaviors
● Premature aging: wrinkles, tired eyes, gray/white hair
● Weight loss or gain
● Sickness; Lethargy
● Throwing oneself into activities
● Losing interest in usual hobbies
● Failing grades at school, lack of success
● Isolation; drops previous activities,
● Inward focus; forgetful
● Desire to not be alone or to be left alone
● Compulsive actions: cleaning, etc.
● Desire to live in the past
● Suicidal thoughts
● Loss of appetite
● Inability to focus; Aversion to noise, crowds
● Over-sensitive to jokes, comments
● Bulky clothes, unkempt appearance

SCARCASM / VERBAL DISRESPECT

Sarcasm is a thinly veiled attempt to disguise feelings of anger, fear, or hurt. It can be a means of diminishing feelings of vulnerability that may be experienced in the willingness to acknowledge the underlying feelings.

Facial Expression
● Pursing lips; A smirk or sneer
● Tilted head
● A deliberately raised eyebrow
● Eyes averted; rolling eyes or looking up
●A bemused smile (not all sarcasm is biting)
● Raising the chin so to create impression of looking down
● Narrowed eyes, eyes glittering with a hard or unkind amusement

Other Physical Behavior
● A toss of the head
● Stiffening posture
● Arms crossing the chest
● Cover face with hand
● Asking questions that imply you already know the answer or are asking loaded questions
● Choosing words that cut/degrade/diminish
●Sharing an unkind look with others, drawing attention to the object of sarcasm
● A stance that conveys haughtiness/power
● A dismissive hand wave, not important

Other Physical Behavior - continued
● Tossing out a rapid, snappy response
● A languid hand gesture that suggests you want the other person to speak or take the floor when it's clear you think they'll only prove their idiocy
● Encouraging someone to please add their thoughts in a tone that suggests they have nothing worthy to add
● Adding a low blow or derogatory comment to 'slam dunk the moment'
● Muttering or belittling under the breath, just enough to be heard
● Raising hands in the 'I give up gesture' and backing away, but with a smile that suggests you still feel they are in the wrong but it isn't worth the battle
● Shaking the head while another is speaking
● A loud smacking of the lips or tsk-ing in a condescending manner
● Verbally agreement infused with impatience or rudeness "Okay, sure. Whatever you say."
● Parroting someone else's words, but in such a way as to make them sound ridiculous (and therefore the idea)
● Making someone the center of attention in a negative way
● Belittling one's ideas, words or viewpoint
● Raising the voice to draw attention to one's words

SATISFACTION

Right now, things are looking pretty good!

Facial Expression
● Lifted Chin
● Tilted head
● A smirk, a twisting smile; Confident grin
●·A raised eyebrow and a 'See?' look
● Relaxed features
●An expression of supreme confidence (glow)

Other Physical Behavior
●·Crossing the arms over chest
●·A sleek walk that draws the eye (catlike, deliberate)
● Hands behind head and leaning back (sitting)
●·Apt dialogue that sums up the situation perfectly, a biting comment
●·Justified possessiveness
●·Telling someone, 'I told you so."

Other Physical Behavior - continued
●·Gossipy behavior at another's downfall (talking loud enough for them to hear, faking sympathy or empathy but secretly running them down, enjoying the fall from grace)
●·Shoulders back, head held high, straight posture
●·Taking deep breaths, savouring the moment
●Faking surprise or shock to remind someone you have the upper hand (rubbing it in)
●Tutting, patting another's hand, telling them it's all right, that you will take care of everything
●·Bragging
●·Jeering, taunting
●·A hand casually anchored on the hip
●Stretching arms out wide and taking a deep breath, relaxed, and in control of the moment
●·A hyper awareness of others, to see how your actions and words affect them
●·A deep, gratifying sigh
●·A lightness in the chest, tingling
●·Warmth spreading through body
●·Happiness over work done well, euphoria
●·Whistling, humming, contentment
●·Self-congratulations
●·Uncharacteristically generous/indulgent to others as a result of feeling gratification
●·A direct manner (eye contact, strength in voice, controlling the conversation)
●·Exhibiting power through confidence and alpha-male/female body language in group settings

SHAME
entusiastiq.blogspot.com/facial-expressions

Shame is a very simple display but a powerful one. It simply involves gaze aversion, with the head moving down so that the chin tucks into the neck. It's the opposite of pride: Whereas with pride our head tilts back and our chin goes up, shame often constricts our posture as a sign of submissiveness.

This expression is frequently confused with sadness. But shame doesn't involve the muscle movements of the sad face—the eyebrows pulled in and partly up, with the lip corners moving down.

Facial Expression
● Gaze aversion; inability to make eye contact
● Head down so chin tucks into the neck
● Flushed cheeks or neck
● A vacant or glazed stare
● Wet eyes; tears

Other Physical Behavior
● Constricted posture as a sign of submissiveness
● Hyper-sensitivity to noise, crowds, activity
● Flight reaction triggered: desire to flee,
● Pressing hands against cheeks, hard
● Crumpling onto a chair or sofa, pulling body limbs in toward the core
● Muttering, ‘How could I let this happen?’
● Hide face with hair, hat pulled low, hand
● Glancing down blankly at fingertips
● Shaking, trembling, shivering
● Hunched shoulders
● Feeling flu-like symptoms (nausea,sweat)
● Retreating from life, signs of depression (stop contact with friends, loved ones)
● Pressing palm over lips to hold back a cry or words
● Shaking head
● Letting out an uncontrolled moan
● Self-loathing, berating oneself, anger, disgust
● Punching fists against thighs to release frustration and/or to cause pain to self
● Violence to self (scratching, cutting, jabbing fingernails into skin)
● Lashing out at others to transfer anger or blame
● Vandalism, especially a desire to destroy one’s own things, to ruin things most important to self
● Taking risks, almost hoping to have something happen to ‘balance the scale’
● A scruffy look: baggy, bland clothing; a lost of interest in own appearance
● Feverish actions toward others involved (fawning, begging, following, even stalking) in order to be granted a chance to regain self-worth

SHYNESS

Shyness (also called diffidence) is the feeling of apprehension, lack of comfort, or awkwardness especially when a person is around other people, particularly in new situations or with unfamiliar people.

A shy person may simply opt to avoid these situations. The defining characteristic of shyness is a largely ego-driven fear of what other people will think of a person's behavior; a fear of negative reactions.

Stronger forms of shyness can be referred to as social anxiety or social phobia. In children, shyness may result from un-familiarity and not knowing what to expect.

Current research suggests the behavioral repertoire is orchestrated by a specific circuit of neurons in the brain, and it is also strongly influenced by parenting practices and life experiences.

Facial Expression
● Eyelids lowered; no direct eye contact
● Lowered head
● Half-smile
● May try to hide face

Other Physical Behavior
●Cling to something familiar such as another person; hiding behind them
● Hide face
● Leaving as soon as possible
● General fidgeting
● Cling to something familiar

SOMBERNESS

Somber means serious, grave, sad and without humor or entertainment reflected. A somber mood usually reflects external circumstances.

A long-term somber attitude may indicate the need for some medical intervention.

Facial Expression
● Unsmiling; lips together but not pressed
● Dark, serious eyes
● Eyes glazed; far away look; unfocused
● Face lacking energy or interest; pensive
● May resemble sadness with eyebrows frowning, wrinkled forehead and a little pouching in the inner part of the forehead

Other Physical Behavior
● Quiet, unmoving
● Soft spoken, devoid of emotion, deadpan, monotone voice
● A darker or weighted outlook, negativity
● Hands folded in lap
● Flaccid yet unwelcoming (closed) body language
● A tendency to look down
● A thoughtful expression, thinking before speaking
● Dark or heavy observations
● A bleak mood that affects others, lessens energy, brings people 'down'
● Melancholy, gloomy
● Loose posture
● Unstressed, accepting

Other Physical Behavior - continued
● A slow walk, seeming unaware or introspective
● Personality is subdued
● Humorless
● Non reactive to stimulus (laughter, excitement, activities) going on around them
● A desire to be alone
● Drab / plain clothing, lack of color
● Difficult to engage in conversation
● Sedate mannerisms, minimal or economical movement
● Non talkative; unresponsive; distracted
● Mediocre observations, accepting viewpoint of a negative outcome or realization
● Uninterested in usual hobbies or entertainments

EMOTION THESAURUS – PART 5 (Final) coming September 24

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emotion Thesaurus For Writers - Part 3

9/3/2021

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EMOTION THESAURUS – PART 3

FEAR

Fear is an emotion induced by perceived danger or threat, which causes physio-logical changes and ultimately behavioral changes, such as mounting an aggressive response or fleeing the threat.

Facial Expression
● Wide eyes or eyes squeezed closed
● Eyes staring but not seeing; glazed
● Jaw dropped slightly
● Eyebrows arched, or flattened and frowning
● Face ashen, white, or pallid
● Lips trembling
● Beads of sweat on upper lip, forehead, trickling down side of face

Other Physical Behavior
● Paralyzed; frozen in place
● Dizzy, weak, shaking, trying not to shake
● Clenched fists
● Loosening of the bladder; limbs going weak; fainting
● Nausea
●Dry mouth
● Crying
● Gasping for air, holding breath, rapid breathing
● Hands gripping something, white knuckles
hands twisting together
● Leg muscles tightening, ready to run
● Urge to flee; fight or flight reactions
● Stiff legs, stiff walking, knees locking
● Heart racing, near-exploding, dropping, skipping a beat; sound of heartbeat in ears
● Pulse hammering, in various body parts
● Shivery skin, flesh crawling
● Stomach dropping, shallow breaths
shaking head in denial
● Voice going shrill, stuttering, mispronouncing words
● Inability to speak
● Screaming or other vocalization of fear
● Hiding/denying fear through diversion, topic change
● Things moving in slow motion
● Body tension
● Uncontrollable whimpering, crying

FRUSTRATION

Frustration is a common emotional response to opposition, related to anger, annoyance and disappointment. It arises from the perceived resistance to the fulfillment of an individual's will or goal and is likely to increase when a will or goal is denied or blocked.

Facial Expression
● Mouth open, with or without sound
● Flushed cheeks

● Biting lips or pinched lips
● A clenched jaw
● Gritting teeth
● Tight eyes, a squint
● Facial tension, contortion, scrunching face

Other Physical Behavior
● Storming out of a room
● Clenching fists, waving arms
● Wringing hands
● Shaking head
● A heavy sigh, s strained voice
● Running hands through hair
● Angry tears
● Cursing, swearing, verbal outbursts
● A scathing tone
● Shaking, rage-filled voice
● Shaking fists
● Hot, fevered stare
● Forearm muscles appearing cut from stone
● Thoughts of violence, playing out fantasies of violence or humiliation for another
● Rash decisions, impaired judgment
● Reaching for someone in an attempt to throttle, cause pain, hit
● An inability to enjoy positive things or happiness
● Difficulty seating, sleeping, being near others

Other Physical Behavior
● Actively wishing or hoping for harm or misfortune to happen to another
● Bitter, seething words meant to provoke
● A black mood that no one can dispel or reach through
● Tense muscles, stiff posture, rigid shoulders, a lurching walk
● A fight (fists flying, punching manically with a desire to destroy)
● Flight response (to spin away from another person, leave with a quick, decisive stride; driving off in a car
● Rushing loud breaths; heaving chest
● A shoving match
● Spitting in someone’s face, at their feet or in their direction
● Explosive bursts: screaming, yelling, shouting without regard for other people or environment
● Acting on violent urges
● Irrational thoughts, taking risks or other violence to get even, a vendetta
● Single-minded focus on how to destroy another emotionally
● Starting hateful gossip, setting person up, rumors

GUILT

Other Physical Behavior
The behaviors listed herein, which come from many sources, are more realistic for some who is guilty of something, but isn’t really sorry. Or someone who is guilty who doesn’t want to be caught.

● Angry tears
● Cursing, swearing, verbal outbursts
● A scathing tone
● Shaking, rage-filled voice
● Shaking fists
● A scathing tone

Guilt is occurs when a person believes or realizes ‒ accurately or not ‒ that they have compromised their own standards of conduct or have violated universal moral standards and bear significant responsibility for that violation. Guilt is closely related to the concept of remorse, regret, as well as shame.

For the writer, this can a tricky emotion. The expression depends on whether or not the person believes what he did was wrong or he just don’t care. If the person doesn’t, he will look defensive or angry /resentful, or threatening, but not guilty. Or, as the child depicts, “I know it was wrong, but what’s the big deal?”

Facial Expression
● Clenched jaw, grinding teeth
● A pinched face, frigid features, mouth twisted into a snarl or sneer
● Biting lip or finger nail
● Set, slightly pinched, lips
● Lowered lids
● Hot, fevered stare

● Wishing harm or misfortune to happen to another
● Bitter, seething words to provoke
● A black mood no one can dispel
● Tense muscles, stiff posture, rigid shoulders, a lurching walk
● Fists flying, punching manically with a desire to destroy)
● Fight response; to spin away. leave
● Shaking, rage-filled voice
● Shaking fists
● Thoughts/ fantasies/ acts of violence,
● Rushing loud breaths; heaving chest
● A shoving match
● Spitting in someone’s face, at their feet or in their direction
● Explosive bursts: screaming, yelling
● Rash decisions, impaired judgment
● Irrational thoughts, taking risks
● Single-minded focus on destroying
● Starting hateful gossip, setting person up, rumors
● An inability to enjoy positive things or happiness
● Difficulty seating, sleeping, being near others

HAPPINESS / JOY

Happiness refers to a state of being happy or feeling pleasure and is usually short term.The major indicator is the genuine smile called a Duchenne smile which signals happiness.

It results from two muscle movements. Common to all smiles, the zygomatic muscle pulls the lips up at the corners. What makes a genuine smile is the muscles around the eyes which tighten, making wrinkles at the sides of the eyes and creates pouching of the lower eyelid. This is the smile of genuine happiness.
. entusiastiq.blogspot.com/facial-expressions

Facial Expression
● A genuine, relaxed smile
● Wrinkles around eyes, pouching of the lower lid
● Crinkling of the face with a genine smile
● Laughing
● Eye contact
● Eyes sparkle and are alert

Other Physical Behavior
Remember, hate involves an appraisal that a person or group is evil. While hate relates to other negative emotions, it also has unique features, such as the motivation to eliminate the object of your hate. It’s a long term emotion rather than a short-term emotion. Revenge is often a part of hate.

● A light step, floating walk, skipping
● Humming/whistling/singing
● Relaxed appearance, posture straighter
● A need to share the happiness with others

Other Physical Behavior
● Seemingly at ease with the world
● Taps foot to music, or lightly taps on something without music
● Laughs and smiles frequently
● Interacts with others
● Bright, half-full attitude
● Shares with others, talkative
● Courteous with strangers
● Shows patience
● Shows interest /notices small things around them (smelling the roses, so to speak)
● Affectionate
● More likely to be helpful
● Shows enjoyment of stimulus (sways to music, closes eyes to savor food, etc)
nods as others speak or leans in to show interest
● Bubbling laughter, happy bursts of screaming, shouting, laughter, squeals, giggles
● rapid speaking
● A feeling of breathlessness
● Happy tears
● Clasping hands before chest
● Shaking with excitement
● Big movements (leaping, fist pumping, running)
● Pounding heart
● Tingling hands

HATRED

Hatred as an emotion is often misused and misunderstood. It is one that has many gradations. When most people say they hate something, they are exaggerating or merely mean dislike or annoying.

Kids use it to mean things that are unfamiliar, foreign, formidable, or for-bidden. As teenagers it is primarily a verbal sign growing up (of “hormone fueled adolescence”) and usually means dislike or annoying.

Facial Expression
In social situations, facial expressions of hatred are most likely covered up and come across as less intense, such as disgust, anger, distrust.
When hate is expressed sincerely, different facial expressions may predominate.

● Narrowed eyes
● Direct piercing stare, hard and cold
● Deep Frown
● A pinched face, frigid features
● Mouth twisted into a snarl or sneer
● Lips tighten and compress or lift up on one side to show teeth
● Partially raised lids
● Jaw clenches; teeth clench
● Face may redden
● Nostrils flare
● Eyes narrow, making them appear cold, hard;
glaring
● Clenched jaw, grinding teeth

Other Physical Behavior
● Angry tears
● Cursing, swearing
● Overt expressions of anger, contempt, rudeness
● Shaking fists
● Hot, fevered stare

Other Physical Behavior
● A scathing tone
● Shaking, rage-filled voice
● Hard forearm muscles
● Thoughts of violence, playing out fantasies of violence or humiliation for another
● Actively wishing or hoping for harm or misfortune to happen to another
● Bitter, seething words meant to provoke
● A black mood
● Irrational thoughts or actions for revenge
● Tense muscles, stiff posture, rigid shoulders, a lurching walk
● Gripping at own hair and pulling as if to release some internal pressure
● A fight response such as fists flying, punching manically with a desire to destroy)
● Flight reflex such as spinning away from the person, leave with a quick, decisive stride; driving off in a car, peeling rubber)
● Rushing loud breaths; heaving chest
● A shoving match

HAUGHTINESS/ SMUGNESS/ SUPERIORITY

Smugness shares with arrogance a high degree of self-satisfaction and a sense of some kind of superiority over others, but it typically manifests itself quietly and indirectly, without brashness.

Facial Expression
● Lifting one’s chin
●·Head back and literally looking down the nose at someone
● Deliberately raised brows and half-lidded eyes
● Quirked lips or self-satisfied smile; a sneer
● Tilted head
● Wrinkle of nose like distaste
● Rolling eyes

Other Physical Behavior
● Crossing arms
● If sitting, leaning back, particularly with arms raise behind head
● Dismissive nod or glance (gazes settles briefly then flicks away as if the other is unworthy
● Annoyed huffing sigh
● Waving a hand in dismissal
● Leaning in aggressively as if to challenge
● Using words to agree with opposite tone.
● A challenging look radiating superiority
● Perfect posture, shoulders back, exposed neck
● A determined walk, strut or swagger
● A loud voice, bragging, full of bluster
● Conversation that belittles opposing others' ideas /beliefs; one’s own ideals
● Talking over people, controlling discussion
● Domineering others (invading another’s personal space)

Other Physical Behavior
● Tossing one’s hair back, a shake of the head
● Adopting a sudden ‘pondering’ pose (hand clasping chin, an inward gaze as if struck by deep thoughts)
● Settling back in a chair with exaggerated casualness
● Actions that direct all attention to themselves and away from anyone else
● Extreme pride in appearance and objects one owns
● Careful consideration in friendships, purchases, places where one is seen
● A deliberate crossing of the legs or clasping of the hands
● Fidgeting with jewelry in order to draw attention to it
● Overplaying closeness or friendship
● Reminding someone of a past mistake to ‘rub it in’
●·Uses sarcasm to cut others down

HOPEFULNESS

Hope is like a snap-shot of a person’s current goal-directed thinking, highlighting the motivated pursuit of goals and the expectation that those goals can be achieved.

Facial Expression
● Head tilted upward
● Eyes closed
● Eyes open, shiny, and looking upward
● A serious sincere smile or half-smile

Other Physical Behavior
●Hands clasped in prayer, pressed to lips, eyes closed or looking upward
● Fingers crossed, sometimes behind back
● Actual Prayer/plea to God "Please let this work!"
● Covering the mouth with a hand
● Holding of breath
● Steepled fingers covering mouth, held under or against nose
● Flutter in the belly
● Lighthearted feeling
● A gasp or shriek (more likely a reaction to first hearing or actually happening)
●Clutching at the chest or belly
●Floaty feeling
● Tingling limbs
● Rapid swallowing & nodding
● Movement; keeping busy
● Nervous energy
● Quiet prayer
● Gaze darting to a person or object that symbolizes hope

Other Physical Behavior
● Brightened countenance
● Deep breaths
● Straighter posture/higher carriage
● A jolt through the body
● Waving/flapping hands
● Bouncing on the balls of feet
● Quivering breaths
● Trembling voice
● Eyes shining with tears
● An effort to not get too excited (clasped hands, holding oneself still, etc)
● A sense of calm; Belief it will work out
● Refusing to consider, speak of, or listen to the negative possibility
● Making enthusiastic preparations for 'best case scenario'
● Chattiness, babbling
● Verbalizing what can be done to encourage the best possibility to happen
● Rapt, positive attention on a task or person involved

HUMILIATION

Humiliation is the emotion you feel when your status is lowered in front of others. You may feel annoyed with yourself when you make a mistake or fail to know an answer, but unless others are around to witness it, that’s all you’ll feel. You need other around to fell truly humiliated.

Facial Expression
● Red in neck, cheeks
● Bowed head
● Scrunch face
● Close eyes
● Teary eyes
● Bite lip
● Turn down mouth
● shake head

Other Physical Behavior
● Cover face with hands or something else
● Shrink into one’s self; become small
● Hold self around middle
● Hand(s) to head or chest
● Apologize and divert conversation
● Blame someone else,
● Beat a hasty retreat without apology
● Rough, jerky movements

Other Physical Behavior
● Teary eyes or real tears: swipe at them with back of hand
● Tongue tied and can’t talk; stutter
● Act like nothing has happened; buck up and put on a smiling face
● Try to make a joke of it
● Apologize and retreat
● Stiff posture

HURT
Hurt can be both physical and emotional

Other Physical Behavior – Physical Hurt
● Heavy limbs/ numbness
● Sudden clenching of stomach
● Won’t make eye contact
● Flinching with physical hurt
● Hunching over, pressing hand to the injury
● Watery, hot eyes that rapidly give over to uncontrollable crying

Other Physical Behavior – Emotional Hurt
● Weeping
● Speechlessness
● Moaning, groaning, crying out
● Heavy limbs/ numbness

Facial Expression
● Mouth agape
● Teeth Gritted
● Stiff jutting jaw
● Blinking rapidly
● Teary bright eyes; glazed eyes
● Eyes scrunched closed, puckered forehead and frown
● Forehead scrunched and squinting eyes
● Tics in face
● Lips compressed and mouth turned down

Other Physical Behavior – Physical Hurt
It would be impossible to list all the feeling of physical pain someone who is ill or injured can feel. This is a best attempt at generalization and physical actions.
● Weeping
●▪Physical pain specific to illness or injury
● Speechlessness
● Moaning, groaning, crying out

● Feeling of nausea
● Sudden clenching of stomach
● Won’t make eye contact
● A jerking walk or run (fleeing others or a circumstance)
● Heaviness of heart
● Self-loathing
● Lashing oput at anything close to hand, damaging property, etc, finding release in breaking things and causing damage
● Replaying the hurtful event over and over
● Asking questions: "How could she? Why me?"
● Crumpling into a ball, sagging onto a chair, sliding to the floor with back to the wall
● Retreating to a safe place and not coming out
● Showing signs of depression (retreating inward)
● Hurt manifesting as violence
● Feeling of nausea

IMPATIENCE

Other Physical Behavior
● Fussing with appearance
● Door or window watching
● Straying attention
● Feeling exhausted or strained to the limits
● Fidgeting, moving about in a seat
● Whining, grumbling or pouting (small children)
● Changing places to wait; sitting to standing,
●General fidgeting
● Muttering, shaking the head, talking to oneself
● An inability to focus on other things or people
● Attempting to distract oneself

INDIGNANT

Facial Expression
● A tightness to the face
● Lips pressed together in a fine line
● Frowning
● Puffing out cheeks
● Tilting head; propping it up with hand
● Exasperated sighing
● A clenched jaw, gritting teeth

Other Physical Behavior
● A tapping foot; Clicking fingernails against a table
● Glancing down at wristwatch, or at a wall clock
● Pacing
● A sharp tone, using as few words as possible to answer
● Attention snaps toward small sounds or movement
● Complaining to others or mumbling a complaint to self under the breath: "Where is he?" or "What is taking so long?"
● Holding a drink or plate of food to be polite but not drinking/eating it
● An ingenuine smile

Indignation is a complex emotion triggered by feelings of anger and disgust. The feeling of indignation can occur when one is mistreated by another or negative feelings are sparked by situations or actions that are considered to be unjust.

Facial Expression
● Lips pressed thin
● Rolling eyes, eyes avoiding contact, squinted
● Frown and compressed lips
●Mouth agape
● Eyes bulging
● Rapid blinking
● Color rising in cheeks

Other Physical Behavior
● Hands on hips
● Exhaling impatiently, snorting
● Sputtering, stuttering over words, broken sentences
● Speechlessness
● Evasive maneuvers while trying to formulate a response (roving eyes, fidgeting hands)
● Raised voice, yelling, cursing
●· Vehement denial, even in the face of logic
●· Looking to others for back-up or confirmation
●· White knuckles, tense jaw, muscles, etc.

ther Physical Behavior
● Jerking, tossing, shaking of the head
● Throwing hands in air
● Crossing arms over chest
● Stalking away
● Sharp, spastic movements; general fidgeting
● Slapping hands over top of the head
● Shaking splayed fingers close to ears as if to contain thoughts/outrage
●To ward someone off with a hand, stopping them from speaking further
● To hold a shaking index finger up at someone in warning to say no more
● Using anger as an excuse to leave

INTERESTED

entusiastiq.blogspot.com/facial-expressions

Interest is a feeling or emotion that causes attention to focus on an object, event, or process. In contemporary psychology of interest, the term is used as a general concept that may encompass other more specific psychological terms, such as pleasure, curiosity and, to a much lesser degree, surprise.

Facial Expression
● The frontalis muscles raise our eyebrows straight up
● Corners of lips turn up in a slight smile, suggesting pleasure.
● Eyes will contract
● Gaze focuses on the object of interest
● Wide eyes, sharp and focused

Other Physical Behavior
● Hands to face
● Intense concentration
● Straight posture, alert
● Minimal fidgeting and moving around

This emotion is opposite disinterest.

IMPATIENCE

Facial Expression
● Squinting or narrowing eyes
● Puffing out cheeks
● Jutting chin; clenched jaw, gritting teeth
● Tightness to face

Other Physical Behavior
● General fidgeting
● Pacing
● Repetitive nervous motions such as tapping foot, clicking fingernails of table, crossing and uncrossing legs

Impatience is an unwillingness to wait for something or someone.

But cognitive science says impatience is a survival emotions arising from our hunter-gatherer days and told us when to move on from a place that was no longer feeding us.

Facial Expression
● Compressed lips; pout
● Frown
● A focused stare, seemingly at nothing

● Propping up head or chin with hand
● Glancing at wristwatch or clock
● A sharp tone, using as few words as possible
● Tilting head
● Letting out a heavy sigh
● Constant checking for phone messages
● Increased tension in face, shoulders, neck
● Stiff posture·
● Veiled anger or light sarcasm

INDIGNATION

Indignation is a complex and discrete emotion that is triggered by The feeling when one is mistreated by another or negative feelings are sparked when a situation is out of the normal realm of society.

Facial Expression
● Lips pressed thin with frown and narrowed eyes
● Rolling eyes, Break in eye contact
● Eyes bulging or rapid blinking
● Mouth dropping open
● Mouth open in a “What the heck?” shape, teeth usually showing
● Color rising in cheeks or neck

Other Physical Behavior
● Exhaling impatiently, snorting
● Sputtering, stuttering over words, broken sentences
● Speechlessness
● Evasive maneuvers while trying to formulate a response
● Raised voice, yelling, cursing, vehement denial
● Looking to others for back-up or confirmation
● Jerking, tossing, shaking of the head
● Hands on hips, Hands thrown in air
● Crossing arms over chest
● Walking away
● Sharp, spastic movements
● Slapping hands over top of the head
● Shaking splayed fingers close to ears as if to contain thoughts/outrage
● Putting palm out to stop someone from speaking further
● Shaking index finger up at someone in warning
● To accuse another, “How dare you!”
● Using anger as an excuse to leave/ to stalk off/ speed away in a car
● White knuckles, tense jaw, muscles
● Stiff posture, shoulders set
● Flinching, recoiling, taking a step back
● Snapping back with a cheap shot in retaliation

JEALOUSY

Extroverted Response – Other Physical Behavior Continued
● Sitting against a wall, holding knees to chest and staring off angrily
● Minor destruction as a release: Crumpling paper, pop cans, breaking pencils
● Muttering unkind things under breath
● Rash decisions (impulsively quit a team, group or storm out of party/event)
● Refusing to speak to others
● Crossing arms in front of chest

Jealousy is a complex emotion that en-compasses feelings ranging from suspicion to rage to fear to humiliation. It strikes people of all ages, genders, and sexual orientations, and is most typically aroused when a person perceives a threat – real or imagined -- to a valued relationship from a third party.

Facial Expression
● Pouting
● Sullen looks, glowering
● Hot eyes, tears form
● Pursed or tightly pressed lips
● Clenching teeth

Introverted Response – Other Physical Behavior
● Retreat from activity/cause the jealousy
● Quick, sharp movements (swiping tears from cheeks, shoving hair back behind ear, getting up fast and knocking something over in haste)
● Minor self-mutilation (scratches self, press fingernails into skin) using pain to feel better

Extroverted Response – Other Physical Behavior
●Jeering, calling names, running someone down
● Starting rumors, acting catty
● Shoving person who causes feelings of jealousy
● Acting out through petty crimes (scratching the person’s locker or car; stealing or hiding something small they care about, hiding
● Bullying: pushing, hitting, pinching someone weaker
● Sneering, rudeness
● Spitting in the direction of the person/object of jealousy
● Kicking at something nearby (garbage can, dandelion head, pebble, chair)
● Showing off
● A desire for revenge
● Pulling a stunt or pranks to regain attention
● Goading a weaker person into an argument

Emotion Thesaurus - Part 4 coming next week - September,10, 2021

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LA ISLA DE LA MUNECAS

8/27/2021

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La Isla de la Munecas ‒ Island of the Dolls ‒ is located in the borough of Xochimilco, Mexico, a two hour boat ride from Mexico City, on Teshuilo Lake.

The city of Xochimilco, nearby, is best known for its canals and floating gardens, remnants of a large lake and canal system that connected most of the settlements in the Valley of Mexico more than a hundred years ago.

Boat and gondola tours take visitors through the canals and the location is quite beautiful.

The Floating Gardens
Image Source: lorriegrahamblog.com

A typical tour gondola - Image Souce:
tripadvisor.com/Reviews-The_Island_of_the_Dolls

Location Map / Mexico - Image Source: britannica.com/place/Xochimilco

Image Source: .adventures-abroad.com/blog

The gardens are not just for sightseeing. It is a place where real people go about their business of daily living like this bargeman taking flowers to the markets

DON JULIAN SANTANA BARRERA
In the 1950s a man named Don Julian Santana Barrera, from La Asunción, Mexico, was ridiculed for spreading the word of the Lord Jesus Christ at a time when only anointed priests had the right to do so. The locals disapproved of Don Julian’s approach to his beliefs to the extent that ultimately he was beaten for his sin.

Although he was married and had a family, he withdrew to a small island in Lake Teshuilo, as either the owner of the island or the caretaker. He was the only inhabitant and chose to live there alone for the last fifty years of his life.

THE LEGEND
There are two versions of the legend of the Island of the Dolls, the name given to the island where Don Julian lived. One version of the story is that Don Julian, after he moved to the island alone, found a little girl drowned under mysterious circumstances and was sad he hadn’t been able to save her life. [There is no mention anywhere of what those mysterious circumstances were.]
Don Julian Santana Barrera
Image Source: isladelasmunecas.com/

The other story is that there were three little girls playing on a small island on Teshuilo Lake when one of them drowned. As a result, the area became known as a haunted spot and no one came there, except Don Julian, who lived there.

Whichever beginning is true ‒ if either ‒ the stories converge when, not long after the girl's death, Don Julian found a doll floating in the water close to the same place where the girl drowned. He assumed it had belonged to her, and hung it on a tree as a sign of respect, a sort of memorial. There was no sinister or weird intent.

Image Source:
amusingplanet.com/island-of-dolls

As he found more dolls, he began hanging them on trees as protection from the evil spirit and to calm the spirit of the dead girl. He began searching for discarded dolls everywhere and brought them to his island as an offering. Don Julian had a garden and sold fresh produce to the locals. As the legend of his obsession with dolls grew, the villagers began to bring broken and discarded dolls to trade for vegetables.
Image Source: picden.blogspot.com

Barrera didn't clean or mend the dolls, just hung them up. Over fifty years, he collected hundreds, perhaps thousands, of dolls in varying degree of decay and dismemberment. Even dolls in good shape when they were hung, suffered from exposure to sun, wind, and rains over many years. He made the entire island into a shrine.

Locals today think of the island as an "enchanted" place, not a "haunted" place. Others believed Don Julian had gone mad and thought the dolls to be real children who he pulled from the canal and tried to revive.

The Island of the Dolls was not generally known until the 1990s when the civil authorities began a project to clean up the canals. In the process, the outside world discovered Barrera’s doll cemetery. Word spread and people began to come to see the island. Don Julian, seeing the potential for charging a fee to see his shrine, welcomed them and showed people around. Image Source: flickr.com/photos/4479387285

ONE OF THE MOST CREEPY PLACES ON EARTH
When Don Julian died in 2001, he was found, by his nephew, drowned in the same location as the little girl. Many people said that the dolls had taken over his role as the island’s caretaker. Others believed the tortured spirits conspired to murder the old man.

The family members, who now run the island as a tourist attraction, state that Don Julian died of natural causes [heart attack], and his nephew is now the caretaker of the island [not the dolls].

The truth is that Don Julian simply believed the island was haunted by the spirit of the little girl. For reasons only known to Don Julian himself, he believed that he could make the dead girl happy and keep evil at bay by hanging discarded dolls in all of the island’s trees.
Since his death the island has been open to the public, but you can only get there by taking a ferry or gondola from Mexico City.

Some visitors find the island terrifying, and over the past two decades the island has gained the reputation as one of the creepiest placers on earth. Others find it incredibly sad.

No one recommends going there at night.

ISLAND OF THE DOLLS

Image Source: Image Source:
tripadvisor.com/Reviews-The_Island_of_the_Dolls wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Island_of_the_Dolls

Image Source: ualplaces.org/island-of-the-dolls/

Image Source:
travel.spotcoolstuff.com/ceepy-places

Image Source:metro.co.uk/2014/welcome-to-the-island-of-the-dolls

Said to be the Oldest Doll on the island

The creepiest place on earth? I don't know personally, but this is good enough for me.

JUST SAY'IN

Sources:
ttp://http://www.odditycentral.com/pics/mexicos-island-of-the-dolls-is-beyond-creepy.html
http://isladelasmunecas.com/
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/08/14/islas-de-las-munecas_n_5663181.html
http://www.mexicovacationtravels.com/ruins/isla-de-las-munecas-mexicos-island-of-the-dolls.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xochimilco
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xochimilco
http://www.amusingplanet.com/2011/04/island-of-dolls-mexicos-creepiest.html

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Qualities Of The Romance-Novel Hero

8/20/2021

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HOLDING OUT FOR A HERO
According to Bonnie Tyler, a hero is defined as a good man who is strong, fast, sure, fresh from the fight and rising with heat; a god, a street-wise Hercules, a Superman who will sweep her off her feet; a white knight on a fiery steed racing on the thunder and larger than life. “Holding Out For A Hero”, by songwriters Dean Pitchford and Jim Steinman

And Bonnie is not going to settle for anything less! What about the heroines in our romance novels? Should they have to settle for the average Joe with a Ford pickup rather than a fiery steed? Pride and Prejudice
By Jane Austen

THE HERO OF ROMANCE ERA LITERATURE
The "Romance Hero" first began appearing in literature during the Romantic period, in works by such authors as Byron, Keats, Pushkin, Goethe and is seen, in part, as a response to the French Revolution. The novels from the Romantic era literature featured a different sort of hero than romance novel favor today; referred to a Byronic hero who:

● Rejects All Kinds of Authority in favor of his own rules for morality and personal behavior. In other words, he refuses to be cast in someone else’s mold. He creates his own moral code which, as it must, turns out to be for the better.

● Is Highly Introspective and Seeks Self-Knowledge which, combined with rejection of the social norms, leads to a feeling of disconnection with others. This could lead to cynicism and bitterness, but doesn’t have to result in distain for others.

● Has Feelings Of Wanderlust driven by the need for self-discovery, and often leaves home to find himself.

● Is Haunted by the Past, some secret, tragedy, disappointment, betrayal, forbidden love which haunts the hero and deepens his feelings of rejection and isolation.
Golden Fire
By Kathy Jones

THE INFAMOUS BODICE RIPPER
Forbidden love featuring a brooding and arrogant alpha male vs. feisty and rebellious virgin. He is drop dead handsome and bossy, she is gorgeous, and there is plenty of rolling in the hay. Bodice Rippers always involve a plot with seduction of the heroine.

Bodice Ripper is a derogatory reference to a type of romance novel, usually historical, which starred a testosterone-fueled hunk whose intent was to have his way with the innocent heroine and often included violent sexual content.

Alpha male characteristics, many of which are not necessarily undesirable by themselves include:
● Dominant                                       ● Fast decision maker
● Goal Driven                                   ● Rarely admit their mistakes
● Intelligent                                       ● Doesn’t allow others to interfere in his life
● Usually unemotional ● Not affected by criticism
● Controlling                                     ● Has great intuitive sense
● Fearless                                         ● A leader
● Successful ● Can be charming

In the Bodice Ripper, however, many of the characteristics above are combined with the less attractive ones below:
● Lustful / sexual prowess ● selfish and self centered
● Arrogance                                      ● Ruthless
● Ill-mannered                                  ● Rippling muscles
● Prideful                                          ● Disrespectful of women and others
● Disrespectful of authority ● Overbearing
● Merciless ● Nasty temper
● Tall, dark, and roguishly handsome and doesn’t hesitate to use that to get what he wants

These heroes must have had some redeeming qualities also ‒ there has to be something that brings the heroine around to liking him ‒ but his stereotype traits rarely change throughout the story. Maybe the heroine just learns to love him despite his being a piece of work.

Bodice Rippers contributed to all romance novels being looked down by other mainstream authors as not-real-writing and gave a bad rap to both romance novels and historical. Published widely in the 1970s and 1980s, these works of fiction preceded the era of modern romance literature and women’s fiction

Even in 2021 there are those who pooh-pooh the romance genres as being “lowbrow literature for middle-aged women," despite the fact that romance literature captures nearly 30% of the fiction market and generates the highest revenue of all fiction, approximately $1.44 billion per year. Ruby-Fruit Jungle
By Rita Mae Brown

MODERN ROMANCE: This Ain’t Your Great- Grandma’s Romantic Hero!
Wherever this phrase came from, it’s appropriate to modify the language to set it back a generation. Today, it’s your Grandma who is authoring many of those up to date and more explicit romances including erotica, erotic romance, fantasy, science fiction, time travel, shape shifter, contemporary and historical.

The romance novel has come a long way and now features very different heroes and heroines, including those with the challenges of physical handicaps, unusual professions, mixed-race and same-gender relationships.

Most modern romance authors would probably say their aim is to create a strong heroine that the readers can identify and a hero, whom the readers can lust after, who is worthy of the heroine and having his happily-ever-after. Not an easy task, and not all readers will respond in the same way to the characters. That is why there is such a variety of character types, relationships, and subgenres to choose from.

WHAT ROMANCE AUTHORS SAY ABOUT THE ROMANTIC HERO
1. almostanauthor.com/
The heroine and the reader must both fall in love with the hero. He should be strong, but not overbearing, not abusive, vulnerable enough to need the heroine as well as being intelligent, capable, fascinating, and good looking.

2. Maggie Boyd ‒ allaboutromance.com/the-ideal-romantic-hero
● Laughing eyes, sunny nature, sense of humor
● Sense of chivalry
● Cheerful personality (you just can’t be miserable around him)
● A good listener, particularly with the heroine
● Willing to risk himself for the heroine
● Honorable
● Loyal
● Sense of duty
● Complex
● Grows and changes in the story
● A decent human being
● A good lover, physically and emotionally
● Accepts the heroine for who she is
● Treats the heroine well, like a partner
● Kind to children, th4e elderly, and animals
● A self-made man (not in to money, but character)
● Has faults and flaws but he ultimately redeems himself
● Has a softer side
● Deserves his happy ending

3. Zara West - zarawestsuspense.com/characteristics-romance-hero/

● Deserving: Every hero needs to deserve our empathy and to have the readers root for him.
● Believable: The hero’s thoughts, actions, and reactions must make sense; what he says must make sense in terms of why he says it.

● Mysterious: He has something hidden in his background which drives his actions goals, and explains them when revealed.

● Unique: He has something different from every other hero ‒ a skill, occupation, quirk, talent, physical feature ‒ that makes him stand out.

● Ability to love: He may start out rejecting the notion of love, but has the capacity to commit heart and soul to another person.

● Brave: A true hero takes action to protect what he loves and believes in even if he is terrified or it risks his life, property, or future happiness.

● A Dream or Goal: Like all characters, he has to have a goal; he hs to want something. The original goal may unworthy, byt goals change as the character grows.

● An Obstacle or Enemy: As in any novel, there has to be something that comes between him and his goal, and it can’t be an easy resolution. Conflict!

● Flaws: No human is perfect, especially romance heroes. They may be handsome and likable and brave, but they also have to be real people.

● Ability to Grow and Change: It is not just enough for the hero to know his goal is a mistake or that he has flaws or he’s defected the enemy. He must use that knowledge to change into a better man, a man more worthy of love, than he was at the beginning of the story.

4. Sara Humphreys ‒ freshfiction.com/romance-heroes

● Protective instincts: A true hero who will do anything and everything to protect the people he cares about.

● Loyalty: He must be loyal in general and sees no other woman but the one he loves.

● Generous lover: A romance hero who isn’t generous in the bedroom is not going to gain the reader’s sympathy. He has tgo be attentive.

● A sense of humor: If a man can’t make his woman laugh, he’s going to find it hard to get out of a lover’s spat gracefully. Laughter is a potent aphrodisiac.

5. Anne Marble ‒ writing-world.com/romance/heroes.shtml
Most women read romance novels because they want to read about the hero.

●There are many types of heroes: Some are leaders, others are poets, many are rakes or bad boys. The important thing is your reader be able to relate to him.

● Heroes have flaws: The author can start with the most despicable hero ever, but he must redeem himself and the transformation has to be believable. It’s best not to make too flawed, and make the flaws fit the storyline.

● Don’t let his flaws overwhelm the story: The flaws should not overwhelm what is heroic about the hero. Romance heroes are good men even with the flaws.

● The hero’s background should dictate his flaws: A great trick of characterization is to have the positive traits complement the flaws

● The hero must be devoted to the heroine: How and where the heros shows his devotion depends on the type o hero and the needs of the story. A rough-around-the-edges hero most likely will not show his devotion be dedicating a book of poetry to her, although it would be a wonderful twist if he did.

● The heroine must not be TSTL: Too stupid to live.

● Always consider the hero and the heroine together: Although they are separate people and must be individuals, the hero and the heroine are two part of one relationship.It is almost always necessary for the relationship to become threatened, sometimes by external forces they have no control over that drives the lovers apart. More often than not, it is the hero or heroine or both, who threaten the relationship ‒ and they are the only ones who can put it back together.

● The hero and heroine must have goals: It can be the same goal but different approaches or opposite goals that have driven them apart. There must be conflict in trying to achieve the goals.

● Don’t treat your characters like puppets: Sometimes, your characters may refuse to act as they “should.” When your characters act willfully, it may mean you’ve put them in the wrong story or they have reason to be acting differently. They can, and will, take over your story if they have been created to replicate real people.

WHAT PSYCHOLOGISTS SAY ABOUT HEROIC CHARACTERISTICS
Since there is no “hero” gene that science knows of, what makes a real life hero? No one invented by an author.

In 2010, a scientific paper was published about the characteristics of real life heroes. The findings concluded that a one-time hero, who rushes (once) into a burning building and carries someone to safety, doesn’t have traits that are different from the non-hero control group.

“By contract, people who engage in lifelong heroism, such as professional nurses who regularly comfort the sick and dying, do share a number of important personality traits such as empathy, nurturance, and a needs to live by a moral code.” They perform such actions without any expectation of reward or external gain and with the recognition and acceptance of service to others who are in need. Kendra Cherry, verywellmind.com/kendra-cherry-2794702

Another study published in 2015 in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology suggests that real life heroes have twelve basic traits:

● Bravery                   ● Conviction                         ● Courage
● Determination ● Helpfulness                       ● Honesty
● Inspiration ● Moral integrity                   ● Protectiveness
● Self-sacrifice ● Selflessness ● Strength

Romance authors can’t go wrong using these traits as a guide for their heroes, along with some of those elements necessary to write good fiction.

TAKE AWAYS
The hero has to be a decent human being at his core, no matter what his background and experience have made him. Ultimately he must grow and change and redeem himself and become worthy of a modern heroine who is usually strong and independent.

Of course, the writer should know the market and write the hero ‒ and all the characters ‒ to resonate with those likely to read the book. The reader doesn’t have to like the hero at first, but he must be intriguing and unique enough for the reader to want to find out what happens.

No single hero will have all the good ‒ or bad ‒ qualities listed. The author needs to put some advance thought into what and who the hero is and utilize those traits that will result in the hero’s attitudes and behaviors.

Looks shouldn’t make a difference to the novel unless it is integral to the storyline. Even then, handle with care.

The hero should have a strong personality but has fixable flaws and is vulnerable in some way, He should have a sense of humor, be intelligent and self-aware. He has internal conflict.

But tell me, why do none of these lists include “integrity” as an important characteristics? The scientists got it but not the romance authors.

JUST SAY’IN
■
SOURCES:
https://www.almostanauthor.com/crafting-hero-part/
https://classroom.synonym.com/qualities-romantic-hero-8738561.html
https://www.zarawestsuspense.com/10-characteristics-great-romance-hero/
https://www.mvorganizing.org/what-are-the-qualities-of-a-romantic-hero/
https://libertabooks.com/craft/romantic-hero-qualities/
https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-characteristics-romantic-hero-389399
https://www.cram.com/essay/Romantic-Hero-Characteristics/FJCC4GN946T
https://liveboldandbloom.com/11/personality-types/characteristics-of-hero
https://allaboutromance.com/the-ideal-romantic-hero/
https://seducedbyhistory.blogspot.com/2010/06/bad-boys-bad-boys.html
https://www.zarawestsuspense.com/10-characteristics-great-romance-hero/
https://www.writing-world.com/romance/heroes.shtml
https://freshfiction.com/page.php?id=4975
https://www.verywellmind.com/kendra-cherry-2794702
https://themindfool.com/alpha-vs-beta-vs-gamma-vs-omega-vs-delta-vs-sigma-personality/
https://writeromancenovelsthatsell.com/
https://romancetheguyspov.blogspot.com/
https://www.goodreads.com/genres/bodice-ripper
https://www.bustle.com/articles/115631-13-romance-novels-that-should-be-on-every-womans-bucket-list
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_hero#:~:text=The%20Romantic%20hero%20is%20a%20literary%20archetype%20referring,on%20the%20character%27s%20thoughts%20rather%20than%20their%20actions.

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August Is Romance Awareness Month

8/13/2021

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HAPPY ROMANCE AWARENESS MONTH!
With the lazy days of summer in full swing and long, fun-filled days, August is the perfect month to celebrate romance.

Created by Eileen Buchheim, founder of “Celebrate Romance”, this event is meant to encourage couples to improve their relationships through romance all year long. Sometimes the smallest gestures mean the most, because it’s all about showing how much you care.

KEEP THE ROMANCE GOING ALL YEAR
To help inspire you, “Createdwithlove.com” lists a number of ways for couples to honor and celebrate Romance Awareness Month.

Giving romance a little nudge in the right direction doesn’t take much. Simple gestures, some fun things, and a bit of quality time can make a huge difference. Here are some ideas from “Createdwithlove.com”:

Create an “I Love You to Pieces” Jar
Fill up a mason jar with your partner’s favorite candy or cookies and leave it as a surprise for them in the morning! Along with the jar, write a quick note that includes 10 reasons you “love them to pieces”. If a jar is too much, try slipping just a few in your partner’s pocket. Knowing you took the time to please them will brighten their day. If you significant other prefers wine or beer to candy, this might not be a good idea.

Send A Super Sweet Text
This may sound a little juvenile, but sending your partner a text that says something like, “I just wanted to tell you I love you lots!” or “I hope you have a good day at work and can’t wait to see you later!” will surely bring a smile to their face! In such a fast paced, busy world, we forget the small things. Yes, those texts may seem simple, but they can have a strong impact in your partner’s day. Add some fun by sending the message while you are both in the same room.

Go for a Morning or Evening Walk
A walk through the park is not only a good way to get out of the house, it's also a great way to bond and spend quality time together, bonus points if you bring your dog! Exercise and physical activities can help your body release dopamine and boost your mood. After a long day at work, it’s easy to feel too drained to do much, but sometimes the best thing you can do to reset and get reconnected with your partner is a quick walk around the block.

Send Love Notes
If you prefer doing things the old fashioned way and would rather leave little notes than send a text, here’s a fun way to do so! Gather up all those spare post-it notes around the house, write down things you love about your partner, and place them in the shape of a heart on their mirror! You can also get sneaky and hide them around the house for you partner to find. Tell them you’ve hidden ten notes around the house, and if they find all ten, you’ll give them a big kiss!

Create an Environment To Decompress
If you’re the first one to get home from work, now is the time to put together a simple, yet thoughtful, relaxation station for your partner. Find their comfiest slippers, pour a glass of wine, and have their favorite TV or movie ready to be played! They will absolutely appreciate this, especially after a long day of work! Whatever is appropriate for the individual to decompress, even if it is not speaking or interacting with them for twenty minutes.

Have a Water Balloon Fight
It may be Romance Awareness Month, but that doesn’t stop it from being a hundred degrees outside! Run to the store and get some water balloons ready for your partner when they get home. Great for playful or spontaneous couples or for those that just need to cool down! Sometimes we don’t take enough time to be playful. Laughter and spontaneity are some of the most important ingredients to building more romance in your relationship and this activity is perfect for that!

Give A Lottery Ticket
Buy a lottery ticket for you partner and attach a sweet note like, “I hit the jackpot when I met you!” Love is all about taking risks, building and sustaining connections, and getting outside of your comfort zone.

Send Flowers
This is another super simple gesture, but sometimes it’s the small things that can mean the most! Send your partner flowers at work (or pick some up on the way home) to make their day a little brighter! Completely surprising your partner is a great way to make them feel appreciated and loved.

Give The Gift OF Gum
Let your partner know how special they are to you by picking up some of their favorite type of chewing gum.

Clean Something
Even if it’s cleaning the bathroom counter (because when he trims his beard it gets everywhere) or putting away some boxes, these small acts of kindness will go a long way!

Deliver Breakfast in Bed
Surprise your partner with breakfast in bed. All it takes is for you to get up just 30 minutes early. Just be sure it’s a day your partner can take time and enjoy it… not a day when they have to be at work in ten minutes.

Ask Them on a Date
When was the last time you [or your partner] were asked on a date? Remember all those butterflies when you asked, or were asked? Step back into the shoes of a younger you, build up the courage, and ask them out! And don’t forget, you have to take them out if he/she says “yes”.

Pack A Lunch
Get up early one morning and make them a special lunch for their day. Bonus points if you cut off the crust! And don’t forget to add a cute little love note to go with it! It illustrates to your partner that you are willing to go out of your way, just make their life a little easier. True love!

Take a Drive Together
Take an hour or two and get away for a leisurely drive somewhere with lovely scenery. Or if you’re farther away from nature’s wonders, even a drive across town to your favorite ice cream shop will do! The Key is spending time together.

Offer A Foot Massage
Everyone gets stressed, and where does that stress build up? Maybe it’s in their shoulders, feet, back, wherever. Offering to give them a massage [without asking for one back]l helps release the tension from the day, putting them in a better mood! That physical touch can help them produce oxytocin (the cuddle hormone) and can decrease their levels of stress putting them in a happier and
more relaxed mood.

Learn a Dance Together
With so many new dances out there, you don’t want to be the couple that falls behind! Clear some space in the living room, pull up a how-to video, and dance. Even if it’s the learning a new dance move with your partner can help create laughter, spontaneity, and
discovery.

Go On A Backyard Picnic
Have a picnic set up in the backyard or on the patio your partner gets home from work. Prepare their favorite picnic dishes and spend some time in the fresh air! Like a lot of our other ideas, this one has more to do with creating some quality time and separating
you both from distractions so you can reconnect.

Hold Hands in Public
This might be the easiest activity on our list, but it’s often one thing we forget about. Holding hands is such a sweet way to show the bond you two share. Everyone who sees you two will know you belong together and there’s no better feeling than that!

At-Home Movie Night
Let your partner pick their movie of choice for the night and give them options for different flavored popcorn! Afterwards you can make some ice cream sundaes and fill it up with your favorite toppings!

Definitely a classic, but it’s a classic for a reason, right? Snuggle up on the couch or in bed and watch a movie together. Simple and easy date night!

Hot Towel
When your partner is in the shower, throw one of the softest towels you own into the dryer for a few minutes to warm it up and give it to them after they get out of the shower! Who doesn’t love a warm towel? Small acts like this show that you are always actively thinking about them. How romantic is that?!

Make The Coffee
Set your alarm just 5 minutes earlier to get out of bed and start the fresh pot of coffee. The smell of coffee is enough to elicit good feelings, and who doesn’t want to start their day in a good mood?

Say “I Love You”
Last but not least, start and end each day by saying "I love you.!"
Yes, chances are your partner knows you love them, but there’s nothing quite like hearing it. This can go a long way and make them feel great knowing they’re loved..

Many Thanks to “Createdwithlove.com” who shared these suggestions. Send your own ideas and we can add them. Thank you.

JUST SAY'IN
■
Sources:
https://shannahatfield.com/romance-awareness-month/#:~:text=Did%20you%20know%20August%20is%20National%20Romance%20Awareness,improve%20their%20relationships%20through%20romance%20all%20year%20long.

https://cratedwithlove.com/blogs/general/31-ways-to-celebrate-romance-awareness-month#:~:text=Happy%20Romance%20Awareness%20Month%21%20With%20summer%20coming%20to,it%E2%80%99s%20all%20about%20showing%20how%20much%20you%20care.

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Qualities Of The Romance-Novel Hero

August Is Romance Awareness Month

Author R. Ann Siracusa

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