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TELEMARKETING CALLING RESTRICTIONS: You Do Have Some Rights

1/7/2026

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One of the most common annoyances in the 21st century is the infringement on our private lives by telemarketers. No matter what we do, the calls continue to irritate us, and the telemarketers refuse to relent. Such calls can interrupt our daily lives and add to the stress of everyday living.
◄ Image Source: Telestarmarketing.com.au

According to Erica Elson, writing for lifehacker.com/, successful telemarketers have a 96 percent chance of getting turned down. That makes them extremely tenacious. Since the early beginnings of telemarketing in the early 1900s with the Multi-Mailing Company, telemarketers have “perfected the art of being disruptive and persistent enough to make a sale.” newinterestingfacts.com/

Fortunately, there are a few ways the consumer fight back.

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THE FEDS HAVE A REGULATION FOR THAT
There is a difference between telemarketing calls and robo calls. Both types are legal, but there are federal restrictions on their operations.
Image Source: pixabay.com

● Telemarketing Calls are live calls made by sales representatives to promote products or services. Telemarketing involves direct interaction with a salesperson.

● Robocalls are automated calls that deliver pre-recorded messages without a live person on the line and do not allow for real-time conversation.

​Lately it seems that the calls start out with a recording, and if you recipient says much of anything, it transfers to an actual sales person. I didn’t find a name for these in my research, but I experience them daily.

Federal Telemarketing and Robocall Regulations
● Calls can be made between 8 AM and 9 PM local time.
● Calls are prohibited on federal holidays.
● Consumers can register on the National “Do Not Call Registry” to limit calls.
● Telemarketers must honor requests to not be called again.
● Exceptions exist for certain types of calls, such as political or charitable solicitations.

Good luck with the “Don’t call me again” requests. Some states may have additional restrictions on calling hours, holidays, and frequency. Check your state requirements.


List of Federal Holidays
● New Year's Day                                            ● Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr.
● Washington's Birthday/Presidents Day        ● Memorial Day
● Juneteenth Independence Day                    ● Independence Day
● Labor Day                                                    ● Columbus Day
● Veterans Day                                               ● Thanksgiving Day
● Christmas Day


Application of Regulations
● When you answer a call, the telemarketer must promptly tell you:
1) That it is a sales call or a call on behalf of a charity
2) The name of the seller or charity.
3) What the caller is selling or that it is asking for a donation.
4) The telemarketer must tell you the total cost of the product or service before asking for payment, and can’t charge your account until you have agreed to make a purchase or donation and to have that account charged for it.

● The telemarketing regulations do apply if you call in response to a recorded message and a sales pitch is made. If you call a company for your own purposes, for instance, to ask about a bill or to buy a particular product or service, and during the call the company tries to sell you something that you weren’t calling about. 

● The telemarketing regulations do apply even when you make the call to the company in response to an advertisement or mailing if it’s about:
1) Credit card loss protection services.
2) Credit repair services
3) Services to recover money you’ve lost to fraud.
4) Offers to help you get a loan, for a fee upfront.
5) Investment opportunities.
6) Debt relief services.
7) Certain types of franchises and other business opportunities


Needless to say, there are no regulations requiring that the caller be “understandable” when they give you this information.

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THE NATIONAL “DO NOT CALL” REGISTRY
Primary Sources: legalclarity.org/do-not-call-implementation-act/ and : legalclarity.org/do-not-call-implementation-act/
◄Image Source: Freebies2deals.com


Your “Do-Not-Call” Rights
The federal Do-Not-Call Implementation Act, signed into law on March 11, 2003 to protect consumers from unwanted telemarketing calls, established the National Do Not Call Registry, a database where consumers can list their phone numbers to avoid most commercial telemarketing solicitations. Its purpose is to give individuals greater control over their privacy and reduce unsolicited sales calls.

How To Register
Registering a phone number on the National Do Not Call Registry is a free process.

● Consumers may register by calling 1-888-382-1222 directly from the phone they wish to register, but only that phone number can be registered during that call.

● On the website http://www.donotcall.gov., consumers can register more than one phone number at the same time, allowing you to list all your landlines and cell phone numbers

Once a number is registered, it typically appears on the registry the following day, though it can take up to 31 days for telemarketing calls to cease. Registration is permanent unless the consumer removes the number.

In addition to making sure that they don’t call numbers on the National Do Not Call Registry, companies must keep their own “no call” lists. Whether you register or not, it is your right to tell a telemarketer to put your number on the company’s no call list.” www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/0052- stopping-unwanted-sales-calls


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When “Do Not Call” Rights Do Not Apply
Some types of calls you may receive are not covered by the above regulations.

● Political calls
● Calls to take surveys
● Calls made in response to a letter, email or catalogue.

● Calls made by charities
However, if a telemarketer is hired by a charity to call seeking donations, the telemarketer must keep a “no call list”, and you can ask for your number to be put on that list to stop further calls on behalf of that charity. You can also ask if the caller is employed by a telemarketing company.
● Calls made in response to ads
Calls you receive as the result of your responding to an ad on TV, Internet, radio, magazine or other publication are generally not covered.


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YOUR ROBCALL RIGHTS
A robocall trying to sell you something is illegal unless the company calling has received written permission, directly from you,  to call you that way. To get your permission, the company has to be clear it is asking to call you with robocalls. But beware; many companies trick you into giving this permission. Read the small print.

According to consumerreports.org/ “most irritating robocalls are done by scam artists or fly-by-night businesses that don’t really care whether or not you asked to not be called. Consumer complaints about unwanted calls dominate gripes filed with the Federal Trade Commission every year…The FTC estimates that $350 million a year is lost to phone scams.”

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Robocall Regulations
Primary Source: consumerfed.org/Understanding_Telemarketing_Rights

These regulations do not apply to prerecorded calls from healthcare providers as long as they are related to your health benefits, emergencies, and weather or hazard warnings.

“● A telemarketer can only call your landline or cell phone using a prerecorded message to try to sell you something if you gave the company prior written consent to make such calls.” consumerfed.org/

● Calls utilizing prerecorded messages cannot be made to emergency lines and to people’s rooms in hospitals, nursing homes, and similar places except for emergencies or with prior consent.

● At the beginning of the prerecorded message, it must tell you on whose behalf it is being made.

● The company making the call is not allowed to make you agree to the robocalls as a prerequisite to obtaining the product or service.

● Prior written consent is required for a telemarketer hired by a charity to call your landline or cell phone, using a prerecorded message, to ask for a donation, unless you have given to that charity before.

● Prerecorded calls to your cell phone for other purposes (except for emergencies) also require prior consent, which can be written or verbal.

● Any prerecorded message to try to sell you something or to ask for a donation, must provide an automated way for you to stop continuing to receive such calls, even if you had previously agreed to get them."

Information about how to use the automated system must be provided early on during the call. Ha,ha! How often does that happen?

OUTWITTING THE TELEMARKETER MIND SET
Primary Source: lifehacker.com/im-a-telemarketer

Telemarketers use a “lead profile” to target potential customers. It may include data such as age, gender, location, interest, lifestyle and other personal information that helps the telemarketing company identify potential customers. Often this information is purchased from other companies. A “lead” is then assigned to an individual telemarketer to make the calls. These are facts you need to know in order to get inside the telemarketer’s head.

● Each telemarketer has their own username and password, so all the information they gather during their shift stays linked to them. Depending on the company calling you, the lead profile will display a little or a lot of information.

● Anything relevant you mention will be added to your lead profile. Don’t say anything to the telemarketer unless you want it written down on your profile.

● If there is no answer to the call, your lead is recorded as “no answer,” and you will be called again, sometimes within a few hours or several days later. If you hang up immediately, your lead is indicated as a “no answer” and you will be called back.

● Telemarketer often uses the “Three NOs” rule: don’t let the customer go until they have said “no” three times during the phone call.

● Telemarketers try to keep you on the phone as long as possible because they can eventually wear you down and get money out of you.

● Telemarketers literally have a script that tells them how to respond to every objection, so the less you engage with them, the better.

A FEW NO-NO’S IF YOU ANSWER A CALL
Primary Source: lifehacker.com/im-a-telemarketer

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● Do not engage with the telemarketer
This gives them the idea that you may just need some convincing and are actually interested in their product. Do not ask questions. Do not explain why you are not interested in the product. Do not show empathy or other human characteristics.


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● Do not get irrationally angry.
A computer chooses who the telemarketer calls. These people are just trying to make a living. If you scream at them, this will not make them sympathetic. If the telemarketer is being rude, you can ask to speak to a manager – there is always a supervisor in the call room.

● Do not give up hang up in mid-conversation without an explanation.
This will most likely result in the telemarketer calling back, claiming you got “disconnected.” If you don’t answer then, they will keep calling.

● Do not let the telemarketer call you back at another time.
Anything but a hard “no” will be interpreted as an opportunity to call you back.


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“WHO ‘YA GONNA CALL?”
Well, it isn’t Ghostbusters!

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC)   are the government agencies who regulate telemarketing. They face the onerous task of assuring that telemarketers follow the rules. When they receive many complaints about the same telemarketer, they can take legal action to stop illegal practices. They also maintain a data base of complaints about telemarketing which is available to other federal, state, and local agencies.

FTC’s jurisdiction does not cover, such as telephone companies, airlines, banks and credit unions, and insurance companies

● Report Do Not Call violations to the FTC at 1-888-382-1222, TTY (Telecommunications Device for the Deaf), 1-866-290-4236, or go to www.donotcall.gov.

● Report general telemarketing, robocall and Caller ID rights violations to the FTC by calling 1-877-382-4357, TTY 1-866-653-4261, or go to www.ftccomplaintassistant.gov.

● Report violations of your “do not call”, general telemarketing, robocall and Caller ID rights by phone to the FCC at 1-888-225-5322, TTY 1-888-835-5322. You can also use the online form at www.fcc.gov/complaints or fax the information to 1-866-418-0232.

If telemarketing calls bother you, you should take the time to report it. Regardless of how you make a report, provide as much detail as you can, such as:
● Date of the call,
● Name of the telemarketer,
● Name of any company or a charity on whose behalf the call was made, if different),
● Phone number that appeared on Caller ID or that was left in a message, and
● A description of the “pitch, what happened after that and how much you paid, if anything.

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SCAMS: “HEY GRAMMA, I’M IN TROUBLE!”
Primary Source: aarp.org/scams-fraud/phone/
​

Unfortunately, many of the obnoxious “telemarketing calls” are actually Scams. While the issue of Scams is a complex topic which I am not addressing here, the following are few scam calls to watch out for.

● A government agent has an urgent issue
You owe back taxes. There is a problem with your Social Security Account or Medicare card, etc. Government agencies rarely call people unless they have first communicated by other means.

● A public utility or major tech firm has an issue
Legitimate businesses (such as Microsoft or Apple), utilities and institutions rarely call people unless they have first communicated by other means.

● Caller claims they can help you with your debt
They will claim they can help you resolve student loans, fix your credit, or help you qualify for a government grant.

● There’s a problem with your account
Caller may say you have strange charges on your Amazon account or a problem with your bank account, and ask you to provide sensitive information. They might even say you're suspected of criminal activity. Then, they connect you with someone claiming to be an FBI agent who wants to help you move your money for “safekeeping.”

● Donate to this worthy cause
The caller may pose as a legitimate charity or use a name for their bogus charity that sounds legitimate.


● You’ve won the lottery or a big prize
● Your car warranty has expired

​● Your children or grandchildren are in trouble

Scammers pose as a family member who has been in an accident or is under arrest and needs money fast. (I almost got taken with the one.)

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● You missed jury duty
An arrest warrant has been issued for you as you failed to show up for your jury duty and you have to pay a fee to avoid jail time.

In all cases, Hang Up and Report The Call!

JUST SAYIN’

Sources:

https://www.ftc.gov/business-guidance/advertising-marketing/telemarketing
https://www.fcc.gov/general/telemarketing-and-robocalls
https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/chapter-I/subchapter-B/part-64#47:3.0.1.1.11.12
https://consumerfed.org/pdfs/Understanding_Telemarketing_Rights.pdf
https://consumer.ftc.gov/topics/telemarketer
https://blog.clickpointsoftware.com/telemarketing-calling-hours-by-state
https://search.yahoo.com/ - ​AI Summary
https://consumer.ftc.gov/topics/telemarketer
https://www.donotcall.gov/report.html
http://www.ftc.gov/robocallshttps://www.wikihow.life/Deal-With-Telemarketers
https://www.wikihow.life/Deal-With-Telemarketers
https://www.rd.com/list/how-to-get-rid-of-telemarketers/
https://www.newinterestingfacts.com/ways-to-get-rid-of-telemarketers/
https://medium.com/@chloed_85285/it-wasnt-always-a-piece-of-cake-the-history-of-telemarketing-0edcbbf2b1f6
https://www.consumerreports.org/consumerist/phone-companies-can-filter-out-robocalls-they-just-arent-doing-it/
https://legalclarity.org/what-is-the-do-not-call-implementation-act/#google_vignette
https://www.aarp.org/money/scams-fraud/phone/?cmp=KNC-DMP-FRD-Fraud-Seasonal-PhoneScams

https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2024/11/reports-unwanted-telemarketing-calls-down-more-50-percent-2021

https://fastercapital.com/content/Training--How-to-Train-Your-Telemarketing-Team-and-Equip-Them-with-the-Skills-They-Need.html

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THE RUSSIAN SANTA CLAUS: Ded Moroz And Snegurochka, The Snow Maiden

12/16/2025

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SANTA CLAUS – THE MODERN SYMBOL OF CHRISTMAS
What could be more “Christmas” – other than Jesus Christ and the real meaning of the celebration – than Santa Claus? Coca-Cola?
▼Image Source: www.goodhousekeeping.com/holidays/

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We all know the many stories and legends about Santa Claus, including the story about the classic image of a happy and plump Santa that we all know today came in part from Coca-Cola ads drawn in 1931 by illustrator Haddon Sundblom.

No need to repeat. I decided this year to take a more in-depth look.


The Santa Claus persona has many names. I know this because Yahoo.search Artificial Intelligence tells me so.

Saint Nicholas - The historical figure known for gift-giving, celebrated on December 6.
Kris Kringle - A name derived from the German "Christkind," often associated with Santa in the U.S.
Father Christmas - A traditional figure in the UK representing the spirit of Christmas.
Sinterklaas - The Dutch version of Santa, celebrated on December 5 with gift-giving.
Père Noël - The French counterpart of Santa Claus, who brings gifts on Christmas Eve.
Ded Moroz - The Russian "Grandfather Frost," who delivers gifts during New Year celebrations.
Joulupukki - The Finnish "Yule Goat," who brings gifts and is often depicted as Santa.
Babbo Natale - The Italian version of Santa Claus, who delivers gifts on Christmas Eve.
Weihnachtsmann - The German "Christmas Man," who is similar to Santa Claus.
Tió de Nadal - A Catalan tradition involving a log that "poops" out gifts during Christmas.

Other websites provide even more monikers for the old elf. The one thing in common is that all of them list Ded Moroz, who brings gifts, not on Christmas Eve, but during New Year celebrations.


WHO IS THIS DED MOROZ?

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To an English speaker, Ded Moroz sounds reminiscently like something related to Day of the Dead or All Souls day, but it translates to English as “Father Frost.” Santa’s Russian alter ego is depicted as a tall, bearded man dressed in a long, fur-lined coat, most often blue but also red or white, and wears a semi-round fur hat and valenki on his feet. He also walks with a magic stick.

​ He travels in a troika, a traditional Russian sleigh pulled by horses and is often accompanied by his granddaughter and helper, Snegurochka, the Snow Maiden.
                                                       
Image Source: www.ancient-origins.net/myths-legends

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​This legendary Slavic character and his companion make the rounds every New Year’s Eve to bring gifts to children.

​The similarities between Santa Claus and Ded Moroz are, in part, because of the modern world-wide melding of traditions, but there are noticeable differences which makes this eastern icon different from his western counterpart.

ORIGINS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DED MOROZ
Pre-dating Christianity, Ded Moroz was associated with winter and New Year celebrations in Slavic countries. While his character has evolved considerably since the beginning of the 19th century, he was originally considered the wizard, or demon, of winter called Morozko  or King Frost, the personification of Winter. He was associated with frost and cold, and was believed to be a powerful spirt who could bring both the beauty and harshness of winter.


According to Russia Info Centre, the ancient Morozko was “a powerful hero and smith who chained water with his iron frosts.” Russian folk tales tell of people “feeding” Morozko oatmeal kissel or kutya (boiled rice with raisins and honey) so he would not freeze their plants. Other stories tell how he demanded offerings to protect families during brutal winters.

“The darker side of Ded Moroz is also made apparent in Nikolai Nekrasov’s (1886) poem “Moroz – Red Nose;” a tale telling of Ded Moroz killing a peasant widow and orphaning her children. This cruel wizard of winter was also capable in the past of kidnapping children, and only returning them when their parents provided him with gifts.” www.ancient-origins.net/myths-legends
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He was a fearsome frost spirit who demanded offerings to protect families during brutal winters. In the 1920s, Soviet authorities banned him for being too "religious," but by 1935, they brought him back, rebranding him as a jolly, secular New Year’s figure. By 1937, Ded Moroz was the life of the New Year’s party, fitting perfectly into Soviet ideology.

He was popularized in Russian culture through fairy tales and stories in which he often challenges characters to test their virtue and resilience. The theme of such appearances in literature is frequently associated with transformation and redemption. Today our modern Ded Moroz is more akin to the kind and gentle Santa Claus. But he is also is ready to punish those who are mean or lazy.

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ince he reformed and became a more kindly person during his evolution, Russian children provided him with a birthday of November 18. His home base is Veliky Ustyug, Vologda Region, Russia, and is often visited by children and friends of Father Frost.
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The origins of his companion, Snegurochka -- a girl made of snow who comes to life -- are harder to pin down. Although touted as having roots in Slavic mythology, she doesn’t appear anywhere until her first appearance in Russian folklore in the 19th century. She was not depicted as a granddaughter or companion of Ded Molroz until the soviet period in the 20th century.


“In one version of the story, she is the daughter Весна, the mythological character associated with youth and springtime. She yearns for the companionship of mortal humans. She grows to like a shepherd named Lel, but her heart is unable to know love. Her mother takes pity and gives her this ability, but as soon as she falls in love, her heart warms and she melts.” This version of the story was made into the play The Snow Maiden by Alexksandr Ostrovsky in 1873."

Around the beginning in November, this holiday icon travels around Russia visiting children and acquaintances, although his most important night in New Year’s Eve. This is the night that traditionally, Ded Moroz and his companion Snegurochka put presents under the fir tree (New Year’s Tree) for children to discover in the morning.

DED MOROZ UNDER THE COMMUNISTS
At the beginning of the Soviet era, communist authorities banned Ded Moroz. However, the ban was lifted and he soon became a significant part of Soviet culture. Interestingly, the image of Ded Moroz took its current form during that time and became the main symbol of the New Year's holiday (Novy God) that replaced Christmas. Some Christmas traditions were revived following the famous letter by Pavel Postyshev, published in Pravda on 28 December 1935. Postyshev believed that the origins of the holiday, which were pre-Christian, were less important than the benefits it could bring to Soviet children. ​en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ded_Moroz

A SHORT STORY OF KING FROST
(Text and Images reproduced from an article by Alicia McDermott - Updated 12 December, 2015 - Illustration for the story of King Frost. (1914) By V. Carrick. (Public Domain)
 https://www.ancient-origins.net/myths-legends-asia/)

“A popular tale begins with an angry stepmother who is tired of seeing and hearing her good-natured and unselfish stepdaughter, yet provides to every whim of her own daughter. One day the stepmother tells her husband to be rid of the young girl, saying: “Send her away, old man; send her away-anywhere so that my eyes shan't be plagued any longer by the sight of her, or my ears tormented by the sound of her voice. Send her out into the fields, and let the cutting frost do for her.”

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The old man begged his wife to reconsider, but finding her unmovable, he agreed and took his daughter out to the sled. Not even providing her with a warm blanket, he left the girl with a kiss, before quickly returning to his home, daring not to look back and see his beloved daughter suffering.
The poor girl sat down beside a fir tree and began to weep quietly. Soon she heard a crackling noise and looked up to see King Frost standing beside her.

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'Well, maiden,' he snapped out, 'do you know who I am? I am King Frost, king of the red-noses.'

'All hail to you, great King!' answered the girl, in a gentle, trembling voice. 'Have you come to take me?'

'Are you warm, maiden?' he replied.

'Quite warm, King Frost,' she answered, though she shivered as she spoke.

King Frost repeated his question as he came ever closer to the young girl. The cold air and the crackling increased, yet the girl continued to reply “Still warm, O King."

King Frost took pity on the young girl for her gentle ways and respectful words, so he wrapped her in furs, covered her in blankets, and showered in her gifts of jewels, and a fine sleigh led by six white horses.

The next morning the angry stepmother told her husband that he should go to recover the dead body of his daughter. She was shocked when the old man returned with a large chest filled with riches, and his daughter, who was more beautiful than before and dressed in fine furs and a radiant silver and gold dress.

“Old man, yoke the horses at once into the sled, and take my daughter to the same field and leave her on the same spot exactly,” she ordered.

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The woman’s daughter dropped herself by the fir tree and pouted. It was not long until the crackling sound began and King Frost appeared at the girl’s side.

“Are you warm, maiden?” He asked.

“What a blind old fool you must be to ask such a question!” she answered angrily. “Can't you see that my hands and feet are nearly frozen?”

Repulsed by the young woman’s words, King Frost got very angry, and cracking his fingers then gnashing his teeth, her froze her to death.
​

The stepmother grew impatient to see her daughter with the same riches as her despised stepdaughter, so she sent her husband to fetch the girl. One could only imagine her surprise and despair when he returned to the house with the frozen body of her beloved daughter.”

DED MOROZ TRIVIA
In November and December 2010, Ded Moroz was one of the candidates in the running for consideration as a mascot for the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia.
You’ve come a long way, grandpa!

JUST SAYIN’
Sources:

https://www.ancient-origins.net/myths-legends-asia/meet-father-frost-and-his-fairy-goddaughter-snow-maiden-magical-characters-winter-020655#:~:text=Elsewhere%2C%20December%201997,By%20Alicia%20McDermott
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/mythsandfolklore/2022/12/ded-moroz-and-snegurochka-russian-father-frost-and-snow-maiden/
https://thevlasta.substack.com/p/dedushka-moroz-and-his-skeletons
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ded_Moroz
https://www.ancient-origins.net/myths-legends/alkonost-and-gamayun-mythical-beings-slavic-folklore-004076
https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-general/why-christmas-held-25th-december-001161
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snegurochka
https://www.bing.com/search?q=who%20is%20%
https://www.ancient-origins.net/myths-legends/santa-s-horned-helper-fearsome-legend-krampus-christmas-punisher-004799
 



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THE LABELING GAME: Are Food Expiration Dates Misleading?

12/1/2025

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When my daughter came down to take care of me and my husband in our old age, she immediately threw out much of the food we had in the refrigerator and pantry because it had expired dates. My husband had a fit because, he said, “It was perfectly fine.”

Some of items were pretty old, and she isn’t the first family member that has reacted this way, but I hate wasting food for whatever reason. Thus, I decided this was a worthy subject of investigation.

MANY OF US MAY BE WASTING FOOD
After reading through many internet articles written by reliable sources, I came to the conclusion that there is a preponderance of evidence that many of us are being misled by food expiration dates and the way food products are labeled. Not everything is as it seems!

▼ Image Source: www.jeffersonhealth.org
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PRODUCT DATING IS NOT REQUIRED BY FEDERAL REGULATIONS
The USDA Food and Safety Inspection Service writes, “Except for infant formula, product dating is not required by federal regulations. For meat, poultry and egg products under the jurisdiction of the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), dates may be voluntarily applied provided they are labeled in a manner that is truthful, not misleading and in compliance with FSIS regulations. To comply, a calendar date must express both the month and day of the month. In the case of shelf-stable and frozen products, the year must also be displayed. Additionally, immediately adjacent to the date must be a phrase explaining the meaning of that date such as ‘Best if Used By’.

Manufacturers provide dating to help consumers and retailers decide when food is of best quality. Except for infant formula, dates are not an indicator of the product’s safety and are not required by Federal law.” www.fsis.usda.gov/food-safety/

WHAT ARE THE EXPIRATION DATES ON FOOD?
● Product dating is not required by federal regulations (except baby formula).
For meat, poultry and egg products under the jurisdiction of the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), dates may be voluntarily applied provided they are labeled in a manner that is truthful, not misleading and in compliance with FSIS regulations.

● There is no standardization in expiration labeling of food products (except baby formula).
Expiration dates may be printed with different verbiage and can vary widely between brands, even for identical products, based on the manufacturers’ testing or marketing choices. This alone highlights that expiration dates are conservative estimates, not precise expiration points.

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    Image Source: www.marvelfoods.com                            Image Source: www.yahoo.com                                      Image Source: http://www.sheetlabels.com
● "Best by" or "Use by" dates are recommended labeling by the USDA for quality, not safety. These dates indicate when the manufacturer believes the product will be at its optimal flavor, texture, or nutritional value (i.e. peak quality) After this date, the quality might decline, but the food is generally still safe to eat if stored properly.

The “Use By” date found on perishable items like meat or dairy, is the closest to a safety-related date. It suggests the last day the product is expected to be at peak quality, though it may still be safe beyond that if stored properly.

● “Sell by” dates are guide to retailers on inventory management. Also, a "Sell-By" date for eggs is required by certain states where the eggs are marketed. California law mandates a "sell by" date on egg cartons of no more than 45 days from the pack date.

  ▼ Image Source: www.fashionlady.in​
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​● Trust Your Senses
The USDA recommends that consumers should rely on sensory evaluation for food safety.
• Smell: Spoiled food often smells sour, rancid, or “off.”


• Sight: Look for mold, discoloration, or texture changes such as
                                         slime or mushiness).

• Taste: If it looks and smells okay, a tiny taste can confirm. Spit it out if it’s off.

Next time you spot an “expired” date, don’t just chuck it. Sniff, inspect, and consider the context. You might be surprised how much “expired” food is still perfectly good—and how much power you have to decide for yourself.

● “Void” After Opened
All dates are essentially “void” after the packaging has been opened.

DRUGS
This article is not about drugs expiration dates, but a mention doesn’t hurt. Drug expiration dates reflect the time period during which the product is known to remain stable, which means it retains its strength, quality, and purity when it is stored according to its labeled storage conditions. It has nothing to do with safety.

Certain drugs are exempt; with no dosage limitations that are stable for at least three years not require an expiration date. Homeopathic drug products are exempt from requirements, and allergenic extracts that are labeled "No U.S. Standard of Potency" are exempt from the requirements. www.provisionfda.com/fda-regulation

SAFE AND PROPER FOOD STORAGE IS KEY
Optimal safe and proper storage conditions are more important than expiration dates when it comes to food safety. Even if the date expires during home storage, the U.S. Department of Agriculture guidelines say that a product should be “safe, wholesome and of good quality if handled properly and kept at 40 degrees Fahrenheit or below."

How long food lasts depends on the type of food, length of time the food sat on the store shelf before you bought it, the temperature of the food while it was in the store, its packaging, how efficiently your refrigerator or freezer runs and the temperature in your cupboards. While you can’t control all of these factors, you have some precautions you can take. For example, always read the package labels and buy the products with the most distant expiration dates.
And remember the most basic of rules: When in doubt, throw it out.”

ndsu.edu/agriculture/food-storage-guide                                                                                 ▼ Image Source: www.tv9marathi.com

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​Bacteria multiplies rapidly between 40 degrees and 140 degrees Fahrenheit, something that can happen anytime, regardless of the date on the package. Food lasts longer if kept at the right temperature (fridge at 35–40°F, freezer at 0°F) and in sealed containers.

Recommendations for storing canned foods:
• Store canned food in a cool, dry place, ideally between 50°F and 70°F (10°C to 21°C).

• Avoid exposure to extreme temperatures, both hot and cold, which can compromise the can integrity.

• Keep away from direct sunlight to prevent heat buildup.

• Do not store cans in damp areas, as moisture can lead to rust and spoilage.

Remember, to avoid illness, food must be stored correctly.

Can Food Be Donated After the Date Passes?
Yes. The quality of perishable products may deteriorate after the date passes but the products should still be wholesome if not showing signs of spoilage. Food banks, other charitable organizations, and consumers should evaluate the quality of the product before its distribution and consumption to determine whether there are noticeable changes in wholesomeness. www.fsis.usda.gov/food-safety

HOW TO TELL IF FOOD IS STILL GOOD: A PRACTICAL GUIDE
(Excerpted from thefoodiediary.com/are-expiration-dates-accurate)

Expiration dates guide consumer, but they are not the final word. You must use your senses to evaluate different types of food to decide if they’re still safe and palatable.

​Bacteria multiplies rapidly between 40 degrees and 140 degrees Fahrenheit, something that can happen anytime, regardless of the date on the package. And remember, “spoiled” is not necessarily “contaminated.” Know that you can't smell or taste contamination.

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Dairy
These products are prone to spoilage due to high water content and natural bacteria., but the date isn’t a magic cutoff. Store dairy on the fridge’s middle shelves, not the door, where temperature fluctuates.
• Milk
Pasteurized milk up to a week past its date if kept at 35–40°F (2–4°C).
Smell first—if it’s sour, it’s gone bad. Look for curdling or a yellowish color. If it passes the sniff test and looks fine, it is safe to use, especially for cooking.
• Cheese
Hard cheeses like cheddar or Parmesan can last months beyond their date if unopened. Cut away mold on hard cheese least an inch around.
Soft cheeses like brie or cream cheese: discard if moldy or smell of ammonia.
• Yogurt
Unopened yogurt can be good for 2–3 weeks past its date; open, 1-2 weeks if smells and tastes normal.

Meat, Poultry, and Fish
Raw meat and particularly seafood are more time-sensitive due to bacteria like Salmonella or Listeria. The “Use By” date here is worth heeding, but proper storage can extend usability. Freeze meat if you won’t use it by the date—thaw it safely in the fridge when ready to cook.

• Raw Meat/Poultry
If it’s past the date but does not smell sour or sulfurous, isn’t slimy or discolored, it’s likely okay. Freezing before the date stops the clock—meat can last 6–12 months frozen. Cooked meat lasts about 3–4 days in the fridge if it looks and smells fine.
• Fish
Fresh fish should have a mild, ocean-like smell, not a strong “fishy” odor. Past the date, check for sliminess or dull, cloudy flesh. Frozen fish can last 6–9 months.
• Deli Meats
Unopened packs can go a couple of weeks past the date; opened, they’re good for 3–5 days. Sliminess, off smells, or iridescent sheen mean it’s time to toss them.

Eggs
Eggs are a classic example of expiration-date confusion. The “Sell By” or “Pack Date” (a Julian date like “032” for February 1) is often misread as an expiration.
• How to Test
Drop an egg in a glass of water. Fresh eggs sink; older but still-good eggs tilt or stand upright; bad eggs float (due to gas buildup from spoilage). Past the date, eggs can last 3–5 weeks in the fridge if they pass this test and have no cracks or off odors when opened.
• Storage
Keep eggs in their carton on a fridge shelf to maintain humidity and temperature.
Pantry Staples
Dry and canned foods often outlast their dates by months or even years. Store items away from heat and light to maximize shelf life.


Pantry Staples
Dry and canned foods often outlast their dates by months or even years. Store items away from heat and light to maximize shelf life.
• Canned Goods
High-acid foods (tomatoes, pineapple) last 12–18 months; beyond expiration date. Low-acid (vegetables, meat) can go 2–5 years. Signs of spoilage include bulging, rust, and leaks. If the can is intact and the food smells and looks normal, it’s typically safe.
• Pasta/Rice/Cereal
Unopened, these can last years past their date in a cool, dry place. Once opened, watch for pantry pests (tiny bugs) or rancid smells from oils in whole grains.
• Spices
They don’t spoil but lose potency after 1–3 years. Sniff them—if the aroma’s weak, they won’t add much flavor, but they’re still safe.

Bread and Baked Goods
Bread’s “Best By” date is about staleness, not safety, unless mold appears. Refrigerate bread to slow mold, though it may dry out faster.
• Bread
Past the date, it might be dry but fine if there’s no mold. Freezing extends life for months. Moldy spots mean toss the whole loaf—spores spread invisibly.
• Pastries
Cream-filled items spoil faster (check for sour smells); dry cookies or cakes can last weeks if sealed.

Fruits and Vegetables
Fresh produce rarely has dates, but packaged items like bagged salads do. Store fruits and veggies separately—some fruits (like apples) release ethylene gas that speeds up spoilage.
• Fresh Produce
Wilted greens or soft spots don’t always mean it’s bad—cut away the bad parts. Slimy textures or foul odors are the red flags.
• Packaged Salads
Past the date, check for slime, browning, or off smells. Unopened bags can last a few days extra if stored cold.

• Cooking Oils
“Cooking oil” is an general term for every oil that you can use to cook with, including vegetable oils and animal fats such as butter, lard, or even bacon grease.
Fortunately, when buying a bottle labeled “cooking oil,” is usually made of refined soybean oil, canola oil, sunflower oil or avocado oil. Cooking oils last about 2 yeard unopened and around 6 month after opening, assuming the contained is sealed tightly and sitting in a cool and dark place.  canitgobad.net/can-cooking-oil-go-bad

If refrigerated at the proper temperature, safe storage ranges for some common items include:
  • Ground meats, fresh poultry: 1 to 2 days
  • Fresh beef, veal, lamb and pork (roasts, chops and steaks): 3 to 5 days
  • Lunch meat, opened package/deli sliced: 3 to 5 days; unopened package: 2 weeks
  • Leftovers: 3 to 4 days
  • Cut fruit: 4 days
  • Hard-boiled eggs: 1 week
  • Chopped vegetables stored in an air-tight container: 1 week
  • Pasteurized milk: 1 week beyond sell-by date
  • Raw eggs in shell: 3 to 5 weeks
  • Soft cheese, opened: 2 weeks. If mold develops, toss it.
  • Hard cheese, opened: 3 to 4 weeks. If it develops a blue-green mold on the exterior, cut away the mold plus an additional half inch below it.

A note about produce: Visibly aging produce can emit gases that speed the ripening of other produce. Use immediately or compost it. Know that you can't smell or taste contamination.

Storage Matters
JUST SAYIN'
 
Sources:
https://www.fsis.usda.gov/
https://www.fsis.usda.gov/food-safety/safe-food-handling-and-preparation/food-safety-basics/food-product-dating
AI https://search.yahoo.com/
https://health.clevelandclinic.org/trash-it-or-eat-it-the-truth-about-expiration-dates
https://www.nytimes.com/2025/08/19/well/eat/food-expiration-dates-effective.html
https://www.nbcnews.com/select/shopping/food-expiration-dates-guidelines-rcna192700
https://cris.msu.edu/news/expiring-products/expiring-products-food-ingredients/
https://health.clevelandclinic.org/trash-it-or-eat-it-the-truth-about-expiration-dates
https://www.provisionfda.com/post/fda-regulation-of-product-label-with-expiration-dates
https://www.fda.gov/drugs/pharmaceutical-quality-resources/expiration-dates-questions-and-answers
https://www.aarp.org/health/healthy-living/home-food-safety-guidelines/
https://www.aarp.org/home-living/reducing-food-waste-smart-guide/
https://extension.umn.edu/preserving-and-preparing/storing-canned-food
https://www.nutrition.gov/topics/food-safety/safe-food-storage
https://www.simplyfrugal.ca/the-truth-about-food-expiration-dates/
https://thefoodiediary.com/are-expiration-dates-accurate-how-to-tell-if-food-is-still-good/
https://www.healthy-holistic-living.com/expiration-dates-lie/
https://www.canitgobad.net/can-cooking-oil-go-bad/
https://www.foodsafety.gov/food-safety-charts/cold-food-storage-charts
https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/extension/publications/food-storage-guide-answers-question

https://www.thefdalawblog.com/2016/12/usda-recommends-best-if-used-by-date-for-food-product-dating/

https://www.cnet.com/home/kitchen-and-household/is-food-safe-to-eat-beyond-the-expiration-date-heres-what-an-expert-told-me/

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THE RULE OF THREE

11/14/2025

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Every time I see a particular TV commercial about automobile X, when the announcer says “The Rule of Three says things are better when they come in threes…”, I wonder if there is a Rule of Three and if so, does it make that statement? And whose rule is this ? I decided to find out.
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​The number three holds powerful symbolism—representing balance, harmony, growth, and completeness. In life, many concepts align with the rule of three: beginnings, middles, and ends; mind, body, and soul; past, present, and future. These “3 quotes” reflect inspiration, wisdom, and motivation, encouraging you to embrace balance and progress in every part of life.

ALAS, “THE RULE OF THREE” IS NO WHERE TO BE FOUND
Seriously. I searched the internet diligently [well, at least a lot], and THE general Rule of Three was not to be found. Nope, not there…at least not by that name. Oh, there are plenty of Rules of Three and Rules of Thirds, but they refer directly to a specific topic, none of which claim that things are better when they come in threes.

There is a Latin phrase "omne trium perfectum" which translates to “everything that comes in threes is perfect” or to “every set of three is complete.” As best I can tell, the original quote was used in reference to the art of oratory, but no doubt it is the source of The Rule of Three.

Rats! The automobile advertisement is vindicated.

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​THE NUMBER THREE
The number three, however, has a long history of popularity all over the world. The origins of this esteem are unknown with any certainty, but the number seems to pop up in every culture and in nature.

IN RELIGION


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​​Christianity
Three symbolizes the Holy trinity: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. In addition, the three attributes of God are omniscience, omnipresence, and omnipotence. Biblically, the number three represents divine wholeness, completeness and perfection. The number seven also holds some lesser importance in Christianity. 

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Buddhism
Three symbolizes The Triple Gem or The Three Jewels: Buddah, the Enlightened One; Dhamma, the Teachings, and Sangha, the Community of Followers.

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​Hinduism (Sanatana Dharma)
Three symbolizes creation, destruction, and preservation.



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​Judaism
The number three was the symbol of holiness. The Holy of Holies occupied one-third, and the Holy Place two-thirds, of the entire Temple. The tapestries were ten times three ells in length, and there were three vessels each for the altar of burnt offering, the altar of incense, and the Ark. The candlestick had twice three arms (besides the shaft, which also held a lamp), and each arm had three knobs. The blessing of the priest consisted of three sections, and in the invocation of God, the word “holy” was repeated thrice. Also, three signifies male, female, and uniting intelligence.

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Taoisim
Three is the Great Triad: Heaven, Human, and Earth.

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Muslim
The significant number in the Muslim religion is seven, not three.

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​Shinto
The number 3 is often associated with harmony and balance in Shinto beliefs and  symbolizes the unity of heaven, earth, and humanity in Shinto cosmology.

IN CULTURES
Chinese
The Chinese believe three is the perfect number.
Mayan
The Mayan culture believed three was the sacred number of women.
Egyptian
Egyptians revered three as the number of the cosmos.
Japanese
In Japan three stands for three treasures: truth, courage, and compassion.

IN POWERFUL IDEAS
The Rule of Three has also been used to encapsulate some of history’s most powerful ideas. For example:

▪  “Veni , vidi, vici.” (“I came, I saw, I conquered”) ~ Julius Caesar.
▪ “Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité.“ (“Liberty. Equality. Fraternity.”) ~ French national motto.
▪ “Citius, Altius, Fortius.” (Swifter, higher, stronger”) ~ The Olympic motto
▪ “Location, location, location.”~ Harold Samuel.
▪ “Education, education, education.” ~ Tony Blair.
▪ Body, mind, and spirit
▪ Faith, hope, and charity
▪ Thought, word, and deed
▪ Animal, vegetable, and mineral

▪ The three primary colors combine to make all other colors.

THE MANY “RULES OF THREE”
These are not all the rules of three that pertain to specific topics, but you’ll get the idea.


▪ Writing
The Rule of Three is writing principle that suggests that a trio of events or characters is more humorous, satisfying, or effective than other numbers.

▪ Communication, Oratory, and Presentation
Choose three main points, no matter how long your presenting slot is. If you’re there to talk about a weighty subject, break each of your key three issues into three sub-parts. Your audience will be able to follow so much more easily.

▪ Survival
Each of the following assumes that the one(s) before it are met:
▪ You can survive three minutes without breathable air (unconsciousness occurs), or in icy
  water.
▪ You can survive three hours in a harsh environment (extreme heat or cold).
▪ You can survive three days without drinkable water.
▪ You can survive three weeks without food.

Here it is not so much three rules as rules which revolve around the number three so they are easy to remember (but are only generally accurate scientifically).

▪ Comedy
Sometimes called trebling, the Rule of Three is a pattern used in stories and jokes, where part of the story is told three times, with minor variations. The first two instances build tension, and the third releases it by incorporating a twist.

▪ Physics
Newton’s three rules of motion.
▪Every object in a state of uniform motion will remain in that state of motion unless an external force acts on it.
▪Force equals mass times acceleration [ f (t) = m a (t)]
▪For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

▪ Business and Economics
The Rule Of Three in business and economics is a rule of thumb suggesting that there are always three major competitors in any free market within any one industry. In sales, it means don’t give up until the customer says “No!” three times.

▪ Music
Musical triads are the three-note building blocks of musical harmony.

▪ Aviation
The Aviation Rule of Three: "3:1 rule of descent" is that 3 nautical miles (5.6 km) of travel should be allowed for every 1,000 feet (300 m) of descent.

▪ Graphic Design, Art, and Photography
”The rule of thirds simply states that if you take a canvas and divide it into three equally sized horizontal sections and three equally sized vertical sections, the resulting grid provides a sort of roadmap that helps you choose where to place your design elements.” companyfolders.com/blog/rule-of-thirds


▪  Dramatic Conflicts
Internal, relational and external. This could also encompass the three-act structure of beginning, middle, and end.


▪  Mathematics
The Rule of Three s a Mathematical Rule that allows you to solve problems based on proportions. By having three numbers: a, b, c, such that, ( a / b = c / x), (i.e., a: b :: c: x ) you can calculate the unknown number. bookofthrees.com/rule-of-three-mathematics


▪  Patterns
Humans brains can only hold a few pieces of information in short-term (active) memory. Harvard Professor George Miller, author of "The Magical Number Severn, Plus or Minus" , claimed that humans have a hard time retaining more than seven to nine digits in short-term memory. More contemporary science has lowered that number to three or four pieces of information the working memory can pay attention to and manipulate. So why three?
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Dr. Steve Dayan, in Modern Aesthetics.com, states “The neuro-psychological conventional wisdoms support that information absorbed within a pattern is less taxing on the brain. The neural circuits don't have to work as hard to retain the learned material. Less thinking, less energy, and less Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is expended.”
Three is fewer than four. Since all living species tend to follow the path of least resistance, conserving energy whenever possible, the brain remembers three more easily than four. I guess our brains are either very lazy or very smart or both. Regardless, it pays attention to patterns of three. Four, not so much.

TAKE AWAY
Memory favors the path of least resistance. Stick with three.

JUST SAYIN’

□
Sources
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_three_(statistics)
https://www.wired.com/2014/05/physicists-rule-of-threes-efimov-trimers/#:~:text=Rule%20of%20Threes-,Efimov%20trimers%20are%20states%20of%20matter%20that%20theoretically,an%20infinite%20range%20of%20sizes.&text=The%20so%2Dcalled%20Efimov%20%E2%80%9Ctrimer,t
https://www.bookofthrees.com/the-rule-of-three-in-mathematics/#:~:text=The%20Rule%20of%20Three%20is,can%20calculate%20the%20unknown%20number.
https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/RuleOfThree
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_three_(writing)#:~:text=The%20rule%20of%20three%20is,or%20effective%20than%20other%20numbers.&text=The%20Latin%20phrase%20%22omne%20trium,as%20the%20rule%20of%20three.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_threes_(survival)#:~:text=Normally%2C%20the%20rule%20of%20threes,(extreme%20heat%20or%20cold).
https://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2012/07/02/thomas-jefferson-steve-jobs-and-the-rule-of-3/#8616fdd19622
https://www.companyfolders.com/blog/rule-of-thirds-graphic-design#:~:text=The%20rule%20of%20thirds%20simply,to%20place%20your%20design%20elements
https://www.presentationmagazine.com/presentation-skills-3-the-rule-of-three-7283.htm#:~:text=Structure%20your%20presentation%20around%20threes,to%20easily%20remember%20three%20things.
https://best3minutes.com/the-power-of-three/#:~:text=When%20Cicero%20was%20perfecting%20the,%2C%20and%20of%20the%20people.%E2%80%9D
https://modernaesthetics.com/articles/2019-july-aug/omne-trium-perfectum#:~:text=In%20Kabbala%20philosophy%20the%20number,that%20is%20three%20is%20perfect.
http://s-wadsworth.cengage.com/religion_d/templates/stripped_features/symbols/islamic.html
https://www.mathwarehouse.com/geometry/triangles/triangle-inequality-theorem-rule-explained.php#:~:text=The%20Triangle%20Inequality%20Theorem%20states,3%20conditions%20of%20the%20sides
https://rule-of-three.co.uk/what-is-the-rule-of-three-copywriting/
https://www.tinablake.com/speechwriting-the-rule-of-three/
https://www.shawlministry.com/significance_of_three.htm
https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/608781/jewish/On-the-Meaning-of-Three.htm
https://www.livescience.com/2493-mind-limit-4.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IYd1sWEebQY
http://kenlevine.blogspot.com/2017/07/the-comedy-rule-of-3s.html
https://www.presentationmagazine.com/rule-of-three-836.htm



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THE PROOF IS IN THE PUDDING

11/2/2025

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​Image Source: www.sites.northwesterm.edu
“THE PROOF OF THE PUDDING IS IN THE EATING”
An incredible amount of information is available in the 21st century to whomever wants to seek it out, yet misinformation runs rampant throughout the world. Apparently, anyone can post anything on the internet -- whether the information is fact or fiction -- and represent it as true, and there seem to be no consequences to the propagation of misinformation.

Nonetheless, the truth is out there -- somewhere! Unfortunately, the dilemma is the time, effort, mental application, and dedication required to find and verify data from the internet and other sources. One has to sift carefully through many sources to have an inkling of what is accurate and what is not.

However, there is plenty of verifiable research available which confirms that facts do not necessarily correct misinformation or disinformation, or change people's minds.

INFORMATION, DISINFORMNATION, AND MALINFORMATION
Although misinformation, disinformation, and malinformation all involve the dissemination of false information, they are not the same thing. All can evoke strong emotions and cause harm, but the distinction is the motivation behind its propagation.               ▼​ Image Source: images ctfassets.net
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Information
The distribution and sharing of incorrect or mis-leading information without malicious intent, such as 
misinterpretations, rumors,  untrue claims of others, etc. Sometimes misinformation is passed on unintentionally or by someone who does not realize the information is incorrect.
Disinformation                                 

Deliberately false information spread purposely with the intent to deceive or manipulate, such as propaganda, political campaigns, false advertising, and images designed to mislead the public. Source: AI Summary - https://search.yahoo.com/
Malinformation
Information is based on truth (although it may be exaggerated or presented out of context) but is shared with the intent to attack an idea, individual, organization, group, country or other entity. source: princetonlibrary.org/

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◄Image Source: storage.googleapis.com
FIRST AMENDMENT / FEEEDOM OF SPEECH
The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution provides comprehensive protection for free speech, including the right to       make false statements.
The Supreme Court has ruled that, “The remedy for speech that is false is speech that is true. This is the ordinary course in a free society.”  In other words, in a free country, you don’t jail someone for lying — you call them out with the truth. This decision shows that even intentionally making false claims is often protected by the First Amendment.

FALSE INFORMATION FROM OFFICIAL and MEDIA SOURCES
Primary Source: https://www.freedomforum.org/misinformation-vs-disinformation/

“The First Amendment applies only when the government is involved in regulating speech or expression. The First Amendment does not apply to private companies or social media platforms, which have the right to set their own rules about what content is allowed.” freedomforum.org/misinformation                                                                                  ▼Image Source: www.ohchr.org 

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We all realize that, historically, governmental entities have issued – and continue to issue -- inaccurate or deceptive information. Whether on purpose or intentional, when these errors/falsehoods become public, raising concerns about transparency and accountability.

● There are few legal limits on false or misleading official statements, and they tend to apply when such speech directly violates certain constitutional rights, such as due process or the equal protection clause.

● Social media companies are private companies, so these platforms establish their own content policies, including restrictions on misinformation and disinformation. Crucially, the First Amendment applies only to government actions, not private enterprises such as social media companies.

ESTABLISHING PROOF
According to Peter Gärdenfors Ph.D, “…we humans cannot help but strive for meaning in virtually everything we do…The human brain is built to search for connections everywhere, even in the most random events.” Humans are social animals whose survival has depended on cooperation with others. Peter Gärdenfors Ph.D - psychologytoday.com/search-for-meaning

Thus, we are hardwired by our survival instincts to want proof. To understand why, consider these key reasons:

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◄ Image Source: dreamstine.com
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●Cognitive Bias: Humans are wired to seek confir-mation and avoid uncertainty.
●Trust Building: Proof fosters trust in relationships and information sources.
● Decision Making: Evidence helps in making informed
choices and reducing risks.
​● Learning and Growth: Proof enhances understanding and retention of knowledge.
● Social Validation: People often seek proof to align with societal norms and beliefs.
● Fear of Deception: Skepticism drives the need for proof to avoid being misled.
Search.yahoo.com/AI Summary

There Is No Such Thing As “Proof”
Primary Sources: Dr. Leanne J Philip  linkedin.com/pulse/why-we-need-prove-things; and
https://evidenceexplained.com/content/quicklesson-8-what-constitutes-proof

There is no such thing as absolute proof because, by definition, there is no room for error when you say something is “proven.” It must be undeniable truth or fact, with 100 percent sureness. Yet current society is constantly demanding “proof” of nearly everything they are told.

“Philosophically, it’s impossible to truly prove anything. The evidence will never be 100 percent infallible for anything, especially regarding the behaviour of the universe....in the scientific world, it is generally not preferable to use these terms [proof] because they imply an absolute result. Doing science means embracing anomalous results and expecting evidence to result from tests. Evidence can be supportive or not, but to say something is scientifically proven is inaccurate and a misnomer.” Dr. Leanne J Philip  linkedin.com/pulse/why-we-need-prove-things

Essentially, “proof” is a body of evidence which is “reliable” based on the following building blocks.
● Thorough Research
A literature survey identifying all known resources available, which educate us regarding time and place in question: the times, customs, laws, etc. Then systematically seek out every relevant source.
● Evaluation Of Sources
All sources are not created equal. Physical flaws can affect the reliability of the conclusions we draw from the information in those sources.
● Notetaking And Documentation
Reliable proof is rarely rooted in careless habits. All sources need to be fully identified, following the standards for each type of material.
● Appraisal Of Information
No source can be categorically trusted or arbitrarily dismissed. Instead, identity whether or not source had first- or secondhand knowledge, the purpose for which the source was created. Scrutinize its content for clues as to whether the person had cause for bias or duress.
● Accurate Interpretation
● Appropriate Context
The significance of any piece of information also depends upon the social and economic contexts against which it is appraised -- such as language, laws, literacy, occupation, religious affiliations, etc.—to help to prove or disprove an identity, a relationship, or participation in an event.
● Correlation Of Details
Seek materials that are independently created and look for contradictions between the details.

● Milking Clues
Many of the clues that point to other records and other places of activity are silent ones.
● Critical Analysis Of Evidence
Cull the findings and reduce them down to the most essential pieces that prove our point, considering not only information that directly addresses the topic but also indirect bits and pieces.

Rebuttal Of Contradictory Evidence
Thorough research almost always results in contradictions. A source may offer direct evidence, yet it may be wrong. It may be possible to build a case entirely from indirect evidence to clearly argue that the direct evidence is wrong. But whenever our evidence disagrees, we must logically resolve the discrepancies before our case can be considered “proved.”

Written Proof Argument

A convincing proof argument examines the evidence from each document, discusses the strengths and the weaknesses of each source, and discusses the contradictions identified and how they are reconciled. It will explain how and why, for the given issue, the whole body of evidence points to only one reasonable conclusion.

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◄ Image Source: www.balboacapital.com
​
The Bottom Line
What most people believe as “truth” is based on a preponderance of cogent evidence which supports a hypothesis to a high degree of confidence and is generally accepted by experts and the public, such as the world not being flat. There is ample evidence the earth is not flat, but it is also not round (which many people do believe). The Earth is an oblate spheroid, slightly flattened at the poles and bulging at the equator.

“Scientific knowledge [and probably all kinds of knowledge] is provisional and subject to change. Theories are constantly being refined, modified, or even replaced as new evidence emerges.” This willingness to question existing assumptions and revise theories in light of new evidence allows science to progress.
clrn.org/can-science-actually-prove-something

THE TRUTH ABOUT FACT AND TRUTH
While in our daily lives, in general conversation, the words “fact” and “truth” are used interchangeably, there is a difference. Not so much grammatically speaking, but philosophically, so let’s look at that.

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◄ Image Source: bonidejesus.com
Fact
● Objective statements that can be verified and “proven”,
● Remain constant regardless of opinions or interpretations.
● The building blocks of knowledge and can be universally
                                                  accepted,

● Facts are not discovered or not created; they are simply acknowledged
● A reality that cannot be logically disputed or rejected
Truth
● Often subjective and can be influenced by personal beliefs and perspectives.
● Can vary based on context, culture, and individual experiences.
● Encompasses deeper meanings and can involve moral or philosophical considerations.
● Things that are not simply acknowledged, but must be discovered, or created.

WHY FACTS DON’T CHANGE WHAT PEOPLE BELIEVE
Primary Source: https://research.com/education/why-facts-dont-change-our-mind

Judging facts isn't as black-and-white as most of us were taught in grammar school. Humans depend on a set on a biased set of cognitive processes to arrive at a given conclusion or belief. This natural tendency to cherry pick and twist the facts to fit with our existing beliefs is known as motivated reasoning—and we all do it.

Peter Ditto, PhD, a social psychologist at the University of California, Irvine, says, "Motivated reasoning is a pervasive tendency of human cognition. People are capable of being thoughtful and rational, but our wishes, hopes, fears and motivations often tip the scales to make us more likely to accept something as true if it supports what we want to believe…It takes more information to make you believe something you don't want to believe than something you do."


Extensive research gives experts a good grasp on why facts don’t change people’s minds, a much of it has to do with the structure of the brain.
● Structure Of The Brain
Without going into boring detail, here is the bottom line: “Tests demonstrates that holding firm to one’s beliefs activates the pleasure center of the brain…Changing one’s belief stimulates the area of the brain that is triggered by anxiety, fear, or disgust (Gorman & Gorman, 2016)…If you’re wondering why beliefs are so hard to change, it is because we’re hard-wired to feel great about standing our ground.” research.com/education/facts-dont-change-mind
In my way of thinking, this accounts for the following research observations.

● Motivated Reasoning
Humans tend to pick, choose, and twist facts to fit with their existing beliefs.

● Confirmation Bias
Confirmation bias is one of the many forms of faulty thinking that have been identified by researchers. Humans tend to accept information that supports their beliefs and reject information that contradicts them.

● Myside Bias
While humans are not randomly ready to believe something professed based on slight or uncertain evidence, when presented with someone else’s argument, they will spot the weaknesses immediately and, almost invariably, cannot identify the weaknesses in their own belief. newyorker.com/why-facts-dont-change-our-minds [researchers Mercier and Sperber]

● The Continued Influence Effect
“Humans have a remarkable ability to retain information, but rather than replacing incorrect information, the brain has the propensity to create new memories alongside existing ones.” Thus, when remembering certain information, that can create competing ideas based, one based on the original information and another incorporating the corrected details. Lisa Fazio, psychology professor, Vanderbilt University,

● Belief Perseverance
Faced with new, contradicting information, people are predisposed to hang onto their initial beliefs, even after receiving new information that contradicts those beliefs. This resistant to changing their views affects decision-making despite new evidence, which can lead to biased or flawed decisions.

● Illusion of Explanatory Depth
Most people believe they understand complex issues better than they actually do. When asked to explain these issues, they often reveal gaps in their understanding or get defensive.

● Complexity Avoidance
The human brain prefers simple explanations over complex ones, even if the simple explanations are less accurate. This avoidance can lead to the acceptance of misinformation.

● Emotional Influence on Risk Assessment
A conscious or subconscious evaluation of risk involved in believing information is often influenced by emotions rather than logical, leading to overestimation of small risks and underestimation of significant ones.

● Causality and Ignorance Gap
Humans are uncomfortable with uncertainty, which may lead to perceiving causality where there may only be coincidence. This can result in the formation of false beliefs based on perceived patterns.

TAKE AWAY
No “Proof” Is Adequate If You Choose Not To Believe!
I guess that is why approximately 6% of Americans, particularly those of the younger generation, believe the moon landing was faked. I have read it is 20% but Yahoo Search AI tells me that 6% has remained relatively stable over the years

JUST SAYIN’

Sources:
https://www.discovermagazine.com/mind/why-is-it-that-even-proven-facts-cant-change-some-peoples-minds
https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/02/27/why-facts-dont-change-our-minds
https://research.com/education/why-facts-dont-change-our-mind
https://www.clrn.org/can-science-actually-prove-something/#google_vignette
https://evidenceexplained.com/content/quicklesson-8-what-constitutes-proof
https://legalknowledgebase.com/how-much-evidence-is-needed-to-prove-something
https://www.freedomforum.org/misinformation-vs-disinformation/
https://princetonlibrary.org/guides/misinformation-disinformation-malinformation-a-guide/
https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/77/is-there-such-a-thing-as-absolute-proof
https://www.engram.us/vs/322/evidence-vs-proof
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/what-is-a-human/202405/why-our-brains-are-built-to-search-for-meaning
https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/why-we-need-answers
https://www.apa.org/monitor/2017/05/alternative-facts
https://search.yahoo.com/ - AI Summary
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/why-do-we-need-prove-things-our-society-dr-leanne-j-philip/
https://commonslibrary.org/disinformation-vs-misinformation-definitions-types/
https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2017/11/22/scientific-proof-is-a-myth/
https://grammarhow.com/proof-vs-evidence/
https://vcresearch.berkeley.edu/news/why-conspiracies-are-so-popular-and-what-we-can-do-stop-them
https://botpenguin.com/glossary/moments-of-truth
​
https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/difference-between-fact-and-truth#:~:text=Facts%20are%20not%20discovered%2C%20facts%20are%20not%20created%2C,simply%20acknowledged%2C%20but%20must%20be%20discovered%2C%20or%20created.
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THE SALEM WITCH TRIAL: Did They Really Burn Them At The Stake?

10/15/2025

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Salem, Massachusetts
Image Source: https://salemma.gov/
One of the most disturbing history lessons I learned in grammar school was about the Salem Witch Trials in 1692-93. More than once growing up I wondered how people who allegedly braved great trials to sail across the ocean and make a new life, all for the sake of their religious freedom, could do such an inhumane thing. Later in life, I learned the real story.

FACT: THE PURITANS WERE HYPOCRITES
The truth of the matter is, the Puritans were happy to have the freedom to worship as they pleased, but they were ferociously intolerant of any other beliefs.
  
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The Winthrop Fleet of 11 ships, led by Puritan John Winthrop, landed in Massachusetts Bay in 1630, the second wave of colonists. There, John Winthrop (later governor of Massachusetts), delivered a famous sermon characterizing the Puritan colonization of the New World “A Model of Christian Charity,” and alluded to the how Puritans would be a shining example for the people of the colonies. Their beliefs spread throughout most of the New England colonies, and all followed relatively the same strict rules.  archives.library.wcsu.edu/              Portrait of John Winthrop by Anthony Van-Dyck ▲
                                                                                                                       
Image Credit: Courtesy of American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts.
                                                                                                                                                                              Image Source: www.britannica.com/John-Winthrop 
Unfortunately, the Puritans “…saw no hypocrisy in denying others religious freedom while seeking their own, as they felt divinely obligated to impose their views. This is considered hypocritical because, despite fleeing religious persecution, they perpetuated similar intolerance against others, including indigenous populations, reflecting a recurring pattern in human history.” www.enotes.com/puritans

The Salem Witch Trials were conducted in 1692-1693. While there were a few different causes that fueled the trials, the most prominent was the Puritan religion.

FACT: THE SALEM WITCHES WERE NOT BURNED AT THE STAKE
Twenty people of those convicted of being witches were executed during the Salem Witch Trials, but none were burned at the stake. 

​
At that time, English law only allowed death by burning to be used against women who committed high treason. Men convicted of high treason were dragged, hanged until almost dead and then cut into four pieces. Also, witchcraft in the colonies was a capital crime tried in a criminal court. In Europe, witchcraft was heresy and the crime was tried by the Church courts (and the punishment was burning at the stake).
Jan Hus being burned at stake
Image Credit: Diebold Schilling's Spiezer Chronik (1485 CE), Burgerbibliotheek Bern.
Image Source: www.worldhistory.org  
▼

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“The myth of burnings at the stake in Salem is most likely inspired by European witch trials, where execution by fire was a disturbingly common practice. Medieval law codes such as the Holy Roman Empire’s “Constitutio Criminalis Carolina” stipulated that malevolent witchcraft should be punished by fire, and church leaders and local governments oversaw the burning of witches across parts of modern day Germany, Italy, Scotland, France and Scandinavia.”
historyofmassachusetts.org/witches
​

Historians estimate that during the Witch-Hunt hysteria in Europe between the 15th and 18th centuries, at least fifty to sixty thousand people were executed, most hanged or beheaded, then the bodies incinerated postmortem (to protect against sorcery). However, other victims were alive and executed by burning and smoke and toxic fumes inhalation. 

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​In Salem, over two hundred people were accused of witchcraft, thirty were found guilty, and nineteen of them were hung at Gallows Hill (fourteen women and five men).
The twentieth victim was the elderly farmer accused of witchcraft along with his wife. He was never convicted because he refused to enter a guilty or not guilty plea but, nonetheless, was “pressed to death” with heavy  stones placed on his                 
The First Salem Witch hanging ▲​
chest.  At least five (some sources say four) others              Image Source: www.washingtonpost.com 
accused individuals died in prison awaiting trial.                                                               
                                                                                                               
THE SALEM WITCH TRIALS
Everything Has A Background That Sets The Stage

In the late 17th century, the Salem colony existed in two locations: the wealthier Salem Town and Salem Village, about ten miles away. The inhabitants of the village were primarily poor farmers eking out a living on rocky soil. Salem Town was trade center populated by wealthy merchants. This disparity led to jealousy and tension between the two parts of the colony.

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                         Location Map of Salem colony  ▲                                                            Location map of Salem Village and Salem Town ▲
                                  Image Source: www.pinterest.com                                                            ​Image Source: liznicjackcaitlyn.weebly.com/salem
In addition, “The village itself had a noticeable social divide that was exacerbated by a rivalry between its two leading families, the well-heeled Porters, who had strong connections with Salem Town’s wealthy merchants, and the Putnams, who sought greater autonomy for the village and were standard-bearers for the less-prosperous farm families.” www.britannica.com/Salem-witch-trials

In 1689 (some sixty years later), the Putnam family influenced the Village Congregational Church to hire Samuel Parris (a Puritan) to be their pastor, an unusual choice since Congregationalism does not share all the same beliefs as the Puritans. In fact, the Puritans emigrated to North American to avoid the persecutions they suffered at home from the Congregationalists. Who knew?

Parris had been living in Barbados, and brought with him to Salem Village his wife, their three children, a niece, and two slaves – a man called John Indian, and a women named Tituba – presumably natives of Barbados. Not long after his arrival, Parris asked for an increase in salary and ownership of the parsonage, which alienated many of the congregation. Also, Parris’s strict Puritan theology and preaching split the congregation further -- and subsequently the villagers -- into pro- and anti-Parris factions.

The Inciting Incident
Apparently, the story begins with Parris’s daughter Betty (age 9), his niece Abigail Williams (age 11), and their friend Ann Putnam (about age 12), indulging in what would now be called a fortune telling game or parlor trick called a “Venus glass and egg” to learn "what trade their sweet harts should be of."  en.wikipedia.org//Salem

It worked like this. Separate an egg's white from its yolk, then slip the white into a glass of water. Being a colloid, the white then form shapes as it floats in the water. These shapes are examined to determine the career of one's future husband. For example, if the egg white looked like a ship, your husband would be a sailor. If it looked like a plow, your husband would be a farmer, etc.

Not very drastic behavior.

However, in January 1692, Betty and Abigail started behaving oddly. They made unusual sounds, threw things, screamed, contorted their bodies and complained of being bitten and pinched. A local doctor was called in to examine them, but could not identify any medical reason for their behavior, so he concluded the phenomenon was supernatural. When confronted by Parris, the girls claimed the slave Tituba and two other women of the community, Sarah Good, a beggar, and Sarah Osborn, an elderly bed-ridden woman, had put a spell on them.


The next month, John Hathorne and Jonathan Corwin, magistrates from Salem Town, conducted a public inquiry in the village. All three women claimed to be innocent, although Good accused Osborn. After repeated harassment, accusations, and wearing down, the slave Tituba told the magistrates that she had been visited by the devil and made a deal with him.

“In three days of vivid testimony, she described encounters with Satan’s animal familiars and with a tall, dark man from Boston who had called upon her to sign the devil’s book, in which she saw the names of Good and Osborn along with those of seven others that she could not read.” www.britannica.com/Salem-witch-trials

Well, that gave these officials from Salem Town what they wanted to hear. a confession and what they deemed as evidence that there were more witches lurking about. Panic ensued. Other young women suffered fits and the accusations flew, now directed at respected members of the community. “As the weeks passed, many of the accused proved to be enemies of the Putnams, and Putnam family members and in-laws would end up being the accusers in dozens of cases.” www.britannica.com/Salem-witch-trials
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   ▲ Illustration from Pioneers in the Settlement of America by William A. Crafts, 1876                                                       Depiction of Martha Corey ▲
   Image Credit: iStock/ by Christine Kohler  -- Image Source: www.britannica.com/Salem-witch-trials                                  Image Source: foxnews.com
Weeks of informal hearings were held and people were imprisoned. On May 27, 1692, Sir William Phips, the governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, convened an official Court of Oyer (“to hear”) and Terminer (“to decide”) in Salem Town
During those trials, the accused individuals who confessed, or confessed and named other witches, were spared because of the Puritan belief that God would punish them accordingly. Those who claimed they were innocent were executed. Many in both the town and village, who believed the events were a sham, did not speak up for fear of being accused themselves.

AFTERMATH OF THE TRIALS
What I didn’t learn in grammar school (or any other school, for that matter) was what happened as a result of this travesty. Years later there were acts of repentance on the part of individuals and institutions involved in the trials.

In January 1697 the General Court of Massachusetts declared a day of fasting and contemplation for the tragedy that had resulted from the trials. In 1702 the General Court declared that the trials had been unlawful. Twenty-two of the thirty-three individuals who had been convicted were exonerated in 1711 by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, which also paid some £600 to the families of the victims.

The notoriety of the Salem Trials laid some of the ground work for US Court procedures, such as the right to legal representation, the right to cross-examine one’s accuser, and the presumption of innocence rather than of guilt. However, the last eleven of the convicted were not fully exonerated until 2001.

That’s a little late, guys.


FAST FORWARD TO THE 21ST CENTURY
In modern times, Salem has become the ultimate October/Halloween destination due to this witch tragedy in 1692-93. The true story of the Salem Witch Trials has been twisted and exploited for every dollar that can be gained as a tourist attraction. The weeks before Halloween are the biggest of the year and often bring in 50,000 to 60,000 visitors.
Gee! Isn’t that about the same number of people who were executed in the European witch hunts?

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The distorted tales have been endlessly taken advantage of. “Stroll the streets of Salem and you’ll see store after quaint store offering everything a witch could need: crystals, candles, and spell books galore. It won’t be hard to find a psychic, or someone willing to read your Tarot cards. Pumpkins and cobwebs line the cobblestone streets. Haunted houses lure in the casual passerby, and everything about the city seems perennially anticipating October. Even the police cars are adorned with little witch icons.” websites.emerson.edu/salem-exploitation-of-tragedy/
 ​Image Source: websites.emerson.edu/

WHERE THERE’S SMOKE, THERE’S FIRE
What puzzled me was the fact that after Betty and Abigail were afflicted with severe convulsions and other unusual behavior, other people in the community came down with the same symptoms.

One modern scientific theory, supported by evidence found by Dr. Linnda Caporael of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1976, hypothesizes that the severe symptoms could have been the result of ergotism. This is a fungal disease commonly contracted by rye after a severe winter and a damp spring, conditions which historians claim were present in 1691, and therefore affected the rye harvested for consumption in 1692.

“Eating ergot can cause vomiting, choking, fits, hallucinations, and the sense of something crawling on one’s skin. The hallucinogen LSD is a derivative of ergot.” britannica.com/rye-bread-may-have-caused-salem-witch-trials

Thus, consuming bread or cereal made of rye that has been infected with the fungus ergot would account for the spread of the symptoms in most of the cases.

JUST SAYIN’
Sources:

https://www.enotes.com/topics/religion-thirteen-colonies/questions/many-puritans-claimed-they-came-north-america-501380
https://archives.library.wcsu.edu/studentOmeka/files/original/Vol._48_num._1_Clio_-_2021/6833/Clio_Ch_7_Miller.pdf
https://www.havefunwithhistory.com/why-did-colonists-come-to-america/
https://americanheritage.org/who-were-the-pilgrims/””
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Puritanism
https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Winthrop-American-colonial-governor
https://newenglandfolklore.blogspot.com/2019/06/the-venus-glass-or-fortune-telling-with.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts
https://www.history.com/articles/were-witches-burned-at-the-stake-during-the-salem-witch-trials
https://www.history.com/articles/notable-women-executed-salem-witch-trials
https://historyofmassachusetts.org/witches-burned-stake-salem/
https://history.howstuffworks.com/history-vs-myth/witches-burned-at-stake-in-salem.htm
https://www.britannica.com/facts/Salem-witch-trials
https://ghostcitytours.com/salem/
https://newenglandfolklore.blogspot.com/2019/06/the-venus-glass-or-fortune-telling-with.html
https://www.britannica.com/event/Salem-witch-trials
https://www.britannica.com/story/how-rye-bread-may-have-caused-the-salem-witch-trials
https://salemwitchmuseum.com/videos/what-caused-the-salem-witch-trials/
https://www.historytools.org/stories/the-salem-witch-trials-a-comprehensive-analysis-from-a-historians-perspective
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winthrop_Fleet
https://tosalem.com/salem-courthouse-1692/
https://www.legendsofamerica.com/ma-putnam/
https://liznicjackcaitlyn.weebly.com/salem-life-in-1692.html
https://patch.com/massachusetts/salem/salems-stay-away-halloween-message-gains-national-attention
https://salemma.gov/
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WHO GOT THERE FIRST? National “Indigenous-Aboriginal-Native-Original” Peoples Day Revisited

10/1/2025

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 NATIONAL INDIGENOUS PEOPLE'S DAY 
I was pondering what to write about for my October blog and decided to update my prior piece on National Indigenous People’s Day posted in 2022. Proclaimed in the United States as a national holiday in 1992, Indigenous People’s Day, celebrated on the second Monday of October, honors the cultures and histories of the Native American people. That seemed simple enough.

However, I soon discovered these days there is no such things as a simple update. First, I discovered that in many locations, this day is celebrated in May. Oops! However,  the official day is still in October. Then, when reviewing the content and photographs, it dawned on me that they didn’t include anything about Hawaiians.

My bad! They are Americans, too. So, of course, I started researching and, holy moly, things got complicated in a heartbeat. I immediately ran onto a post by hawaiiankingdom.org (February 26, 2016) stating that “Natives of the Hawaiian Islands are not Indigenous People. They’re Aboriginal.”

Oh, boy! As usual, these discussions nearly always have their roots in the way human beings express ideas in language, both spoken and written.

THE DREADED
SEMANTICS
First, no one seems to agree completely on anything, including definitions. I was immediately entangled in the nuances between the words “aboriginal,” “native”, “indigenous”, “local”, and even "endemic."  Some sources see them as synonyms and some define them as separate things. Who do you believe?

https://search.yahoo.com/ AI Definition
● Indigenous: refers to the original inhabitants of a region, encompassing various groups
   worldwide.

● Aboriginal: specifically pertains to the first peoples of Australia and their descendants.


https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/
● Indigenous: of, relating to, or descended from the earliest known inhabitants of a place
​   and especially of a place that was
colonized.
● Aboriginal: 1) being the first or earliest known of its kind present in a region; 2) of or
   relating o the people who have been in a region from the earliest time.

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/
● Indigenous: used to refer to the people who originally lived in a place rather than people
   who moved there from somewhere else, or to things that relate to these people.

● Aboriginal: a member of a race of people who were the first people to live in a country,
   before any
colonists arrived.

Are you confused yet? Here’s my take on things, although no one asked.


HUMAN BEINGS CATEGORIZE EVERYTHING
Life would be simpler if humans were not compelled by their brain structure to classify everything in  subsets, which includes other humans. However, there is plenty of research which provides evidence that human brains are hardwired to group things.

Classification comes naturally to us because the human brain has a propensity to recognize patterns and similarities. “When you look at a set of items, your brain instinctively notices their similarities. These patterns allow you to mentally categorize them and make quicker, more informed decisions,” undoubtedly necessary for early—and modern--survival.
https://lis.academy (2024)  

That is likely because humans can only hold a few pieces of information in short-term (active) memory. Some years ago, Harvard Professor and author George Miller claimed that humans have a hard time retaining more than seven to nine digits in short-term memory. More contemporary science has lowered that number to three or four pieces of information the working memory can pay attention to and manipulate at one time.

The human brain has evolved to recognize patterns, perhaps more than any other single function. Our brain looks for shortcuts to process logic, remember facts, and make judgments, but pattern recognition is its deep core capability and the fundamental basis for intelligence, language, creative thought and innovation. The combination of the pattern and the simplicity makes it easy to understand, easy to remember, and easy to pass on to others
.
https://www.melissahughes.rocks

ALL HUMAN BEINGS CAME FROM SOMEWHERE
All of us, and our ancestors and progenitors, were born somewhere, some sooner, some later. It seems to boil down to a competition about who got there first. 

If one accepts the word indigenous, in the common jargon of taxonomy, to mean “originating or occurring naturally in a particular place,” whereas aboriginal means “inhabiting or existing in a land from the earliest times,” also referring to human migration as “first to arrive in a region,” then who is aboriginal vs. indigenous
boils down to the time in history.

The North America Timeline

All dates are estimated by professionals and they vary, but one can approach it based on thousands of years vs. hundreds of years.

● Around 20,000 to 14,000 BCE: People migrated from Siberia (Asia) to Alaska (North America) over the Bering Land Bridge.                                               ▼ Image Source: Animalia-life.club

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New evidence found in Chiquihuite Cave, Mexico, including tools made from a type of limestone not originating from the cave itself, suggests that humans first arrived in North America possibly as far back as 28,000 BCE, but occupation did not become widespread until the very end of the last ice age, around 12,700 to 10,900 BCE.

Either way, migrations from Asia started thousands of years ago and spread slowly south- and eastward over the North American continent. These early migrations took thousands of years, but by around 10,000 years ago diverse cultures began to emerge, adapting to various environments. As agriculture developed around 3,000 years ago populations increased and spread even further.

In fact, by the time European adventurers arrived in the 15th century, scholars estimate that more than 50 million people inhabited in the Americas. Of these, some 10 million lived in the area that would become the United States.


● Around 1000 AD: Leif Erikson is believed to have landed in North America, and
​   established a settlement called Vinland, likely located in present-day Newfoundland,
   Canada.
● October 12, 1492: Christopher Columbus landed on an island, known now as San
   Salvador, in the Bahamas.

And The Winner Is… ?
​
Wait a minute!
What about all the other “Indigenous-Aboriginal-Native-Original” Peoples who are American citizens? Doesn’t our National Day honor them as well?


State of Hawaii
Whether or not the inhabitants of the original inhabitants of the Hawaiian Islands were are considered indigenous, aboriginal, or native, they inhabited the location long before Captain James Cook landed in Waimea, in January 1778. He is credited for being the first European to discover the islands, and named them the Sandwich Islands after the fourth Earl of Sandwich.

​The State consists of 137 islands, of which eight are considered major. The Hawaiian Island archipelago extends some 1,500 miles from the southernmost island of Hawaii to the northernmost Kure Atoll.

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Humans are estimated to have first inhabited the archipelago between 124 and 1120 AD. The original settlers of are believed to be Marquesans and other Polynesians who sailed 3,000 miles in canoes to the Hawaiian Island chain in the middle of the great ocean, with nothing but the stars, the trade winds, and their navigational skills to guide them. They initially inhabited Kaua’i.
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◄ Man In Ti Leaf Cape And Malo, Holding A Paddle And Standing by Canoe.
Image Credit: Pacific Magazine 1923; Ad For The Honolulu Aquarium “An Hawaiian Fisherman Of The Olden Days.”  Image Source: royalcoconutcoast.com/kauai-history

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The Polynesian’s worshipped a plethora of gods and goddesses and honored their ancestors through various rituals and ceremonies. Their close connection to the land and sea is still evident in Hawaiian culture today.

The original name of the Hawaiian Islands is believed to be “Hawaiʻi”. This name is said to have been derived from the Polynesian navigator Hawaiʻiloa, who is credited with discovering the islands. According to legend, he named the largest island after himself. www.hawaiistar.com/name-hawaiian-islands/

The Tahitians, who came after the Marquesans, were more powerful and eventually forced many of the Marquesans to flee to neighboring islands.

The first settlers from Polynesia only brought with them the most important plants and foods, many of which are still abundant today in Hawaiian culture and diet. The Royal Coconut Coast was the most desirable place to live, even in the early days. Fresh water was always available and the land was perfect for growing taro, yams, and bananas. The coconut trees grew in plenty and served as a source of food and for utensils and fiber

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    ​     ▲ Hawaiian Hula dancers  --   Image Source: stocksy.com                                       ▲ King Kamehame --   Image Source: covingtontravel.com 

Unincorporated Territory of Guam
Guam, the southernmost island of the Mariana Archipelago, is the largest of the Mariana Islands and the largest island (210 sq. miles) in the Micronesia subregion of the western Pacific Ocean It is an unincorporated territory of the United States, and individuals born on Guam are considered citizens of the United States. ballotpedia.org/Citizenship_status
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           ▲ Image Source: www.haasjuwelier.nl/guam                                                                 ▲ Image Source: oneflightaway.com/
The first inhabitants were the Chamorros, who migrated around 3,500 years ago from Southeast Asia, and are related to the Austronesian peoples of the Malay Archipelago, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Polynesia. The language is not classified as a Micronesian or Polynesian language, and possibly constitutes an independent branch of the Malayo-Polynesian language family. The settlers lived in small villages and practiced agriculture, fishing, and hunting.

Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, while in the service of Spain, was the first European to visit and claim the island in March 1521. Guam was fully colonized by Spain in 1668, leading to significant cultural and religious influences that shaped the island's identity. Under the Treaty of Paris, Spain ceded Guam to the U.S. effective April 11, 1899.

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   ▲ Image Source: blog.polynesianpride.co/guam
▲ Chamorro Dancers -- Image Credit: Marilyn Sourgose posted to Flickr as PICT0102
Image Source: commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12006703
Recent decades have witnessed a cultural revival of Chamorro language and traditions. The island celebrates Guam Liberation Day, the Chamorro Cultural Festival, and the Guam Micronesia Island Fair showcasing local arts, crafts, traditional dances, such as the "Sasa" and "Chamorrita”, and cuisine, like red rice and kelaguen (grilled or cooked meat, often chicken or beef and mixed with fresh ingredients like lemon juice, onions, and chili peppers.) Today, Chamorro culture remains a vital part of Guam and the Mariana Islands' identity.

Unincorporated Territory and Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
The Northern Mariana Islands is an unincorporated territory and commonwealth of the United States consisting of the 14 northernmost islands in the Mariana Archipelago in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. The southernmost island of the archipelago is Guam, a separate territory. Individuals born in the Northern Marianas are considered citizens of the United States.
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◄ Image source: www.bing.com/images/s

The early history of the islands is essentially the same as that of Guam, with the original inhabitants being the Chamorros.

A characteristic of the Chamorros was the use of a plain, unslipped pottery style. They also developed an ingenious architectural style characterized by parallel rows of upright limestone pillars several feet tall, each topped with hemispheric capstones, called halege, as supports for structures. These structures, called latte, may have served as houses and canoe sheds. Lattes were often found in pairs, supporting a wooden platform above.

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The effects of the early explorers and those who followed them to the islands were mixed. Stone and shell tools were replaced with ironware and European cloth was introduced, but the traders also brought infectious diseases, including influenza, smallpox, leprosy, venereal diseases, and tuberculosis, which severely depleted the indigenous population.

Over the centuries, the Northern Marianas was controlled by Spain, Germany, and Japan. After WWII, the islands were part of the United Nations trust territories under American administration before formally joining the United States as a territory in 1986, with their population gaining United States citizenship. britannica.com/place/Northern-Mariana-Islands
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Unincorporated Territory and Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory and commonwealth of the United States, and individuals born in Puerto Rico are considered citizens of the United States.
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              ▲  Image Source: images.search.yahoo.com                                               ▲ Image Source: www.wallpaperaccess.com
​The first known occupants of Puerto Rico were the Taínos, an offshoot of the Arawak Native Americans, who arrived on the island (from South America) around 800 AD, close to a thousand years before the arrival of the Spanish. This people is sometimes referred by others to as Island Arawaks or Antillean Arawaks. The Taíno referred to Puerto Rico as "Borikén," meaning "Land of the Brave."They had a complex social structure, with a hierarchy of chiefs, sub-chiefs, commoners, and (according to some sources) slaves. A substantial number of Puerto Ricans, Cubans, and Dominicans have Indigenous mitochondrial DNA, which may suggest Taíno descent through the direct female line, especially in Puerto Rico.  en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno

The Taínos were also skilled artisans, creating beautiful pottery, jewelry, and woven textiles. Their culture believed in many gods and spirits, and practiced a form of ancestor worship. Like many other indigenous cultures, they believed in the power of nature and the importance of balance and harmony in the world.

Each Taino village had a chieftain, known as a “Cacique, who was both the political and spiritual leader of the community. The culture engaged in a complex system of divination, using methods such as reading the lines on a turtle’s back or interpreting dreams, and were skilled in storytelling. Their myths and legends have been preserved through oral tradition.
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​Experts do not agree on whether or not the Taínos were skilled in agriculture. They did domesticate local crops such as pineapple, sweet potatoes, corn and beans, but “…developed farming methods that required very little time and effort to maintain, allowing ample free time. In this free time, they developed complex religious ceremonies and games of skill, like Batéy.

Batéy is a ball game played on a small court. Two teams attempt to drive the ball past the other team's backline without using their hands.
www.nps.gov/indigenous-peoples.htm
 
Seafood and hunted animals, such as iguanas and hutias, supplemented their diet. They also cultivated tobacco,
which they used in religious ceremonies.                               
Statue of Agüeybaná II, "El Bravo" ▲
                          
                                                                                  Image Credit: Tito Caraballo- www.flickr.com/photos/74513229
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 ▲Image Source: hablemosdeculturas.com/tainos/       ▲ Image Source: www.travelweekly.com/Puerto-Rico                   Image source: mavnik.com  ▲
As in other parts of the world, the arrival of the Europeans, in this case the Spaniards in the late 15th century, brought disease and conflict to the island. The Taínos initially welcomed the Spaniards, believing them to be gods. However, as the Spaniards began to enslave and kill the Taínos, their relationship deteriorated. The Taínos rebelled against the Spanish, but were ultimately unable to resist Spanish domination.

The Taínos had no immunity to the diseases brought by the Spanish, and many died from illnesses such as smallpox and measles. The Spaniards also enslaved and killed many Taínos, leading to the decline and eventual extinction of the Taíno population.

Taino Heritage Month (October) is celebrated in Puerto Rico to honor indigenous culture. Celebrations include educational events, workshops, and cultural performances. Activities often involve traditional music, dance, and art.

Unincorporated Territory of The Virgin Islands
The Virgin Islands are an unincorporated territory of the United States, and Individuals born in there are considered citizens of the United States. 

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    ▲​ Image Credit and Source: https://www.worldatlas.com/                                                             ​▲ Image Source: www.earthtrekkers.com/
They are a group of islands and cays located in the Lesser Antilles of the Eastern Caribbean, consisting of three main islands (Saint Croix, Saint John, and Saint Thomas) and fifty smaller islets and cays. Like many of their Caribbean neighbors, the history of the islands is characterized by native Amerindian settlement, European colonization, and the Atlantic slave trade.

The original human occupants of the Virgin Islands arrived from South America “about 2500 to 3000 years ago. “The oldest archeological site found on St. John is near the beach at Lameshur Bay. Today, we know very little about these earliest human inhabitants of the Virgin Islands. These early explorers of the islands were nomadic hunter-gatherers. They likely traveled to the Virgin Islands from South America and made short trips from island to island as they made their way north. They left behind no evidence of agriculture or villages, and likely lived in caves or out in the open.” www.nps.gov/indigenous-peoples.htm

The second major influx of humans, the Taino, arrived 1,000 to 1,300 years ago. As stated before, although they spoke an Arawakan language, the culture varied significantly.

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        ▲ Taino petroglyphs Virgin Islands                                       ▲ Taino Artifact (about 900 AD)                                   ▲Taino petroglyphs Virgin Islands 
            Image Source: www.pinterest.com                                            Image Credit: NPS photo.                                        Image Source: www.pinterest.com


​Despite their complex social organization, the Antillean Arawak were not given to warfare. They were driven out of the Lesser Antilles by the more war-like Caribs (Kalingo and Ciboney peoples) shortly before the appearance of the Spanish.

Europeans first encountered these islands during Columbus' second voyage. Over the next century, settlers from across western Europe laid claim to the land and the majority of Indigenous peoples either perished or were displaced. The islands initially profited from the triangular trade, and many enslaved peoples were brought to the islands, beginning in 1673.

TAKE AWAY
Unless you are an anthropologist, scientist, linguist, or other related profession, or unless you are an activist, there is no particular meaning to the words native, original inhabitants, indigenous, aboriginal, etc. in relation to honoring the human beings who first occupied a particular area of land, their culture, their suffering, and their contributions. Indigenous is as good a word as any.

● The First Bottom Line: Whoever Got There First.
The only two categories seem to be human inhabitants-pre-European-discovery and human inhabitants-post-European discovery. Most of the indigenous peoples, wherever they were located in the world, in the pre-European-discovery period were:
1) treated badly (even enslaved);
2) stripped of their possessions, culture, and religious beliefs; and
3) exposed to diseases for which they had no immunity.

Thus, the arrival of the white Europeans nearly or completely decimating the original culture.


● The Second Bottom Line: I Don’t Feel Guilty.
While the historical facts are deplorable, they happened. I do not feel personally guilty that they happened, since I wasn’t around to be part of it on either side, but I do feel regret that humanity was and is not very kind by nature. I believe that, as a species, we can do better, and I also believe that all of us alive today have a responsibility to assure these kinds of things do not happen again.

Good luck with that one.!


JUST SAYIN’

Sources:

https://www.melissahughes.rocks/post/the-rule-of-three
https://www.history.com/articles/native-american-cultures
https://hawaiiankingdom.org/blog/natives-of-the-hawaiian-islands-are-not-indigenous-theyre-aboriginal/
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/
https://search.yahoo.com/
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/
https://nativepartnership.org/the-ambivalent-history-of-indigenous-people-and-u-s-citizenship/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_the_Native_Hawaiians
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Hawaii
https://www.hawaiistar.com/what-was-the-original-name-for-the-hawaiian-islands/
https://www.britannica.com/place/Northern-Mariana-Islands/History
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno
https://caribbeantrading.com/hispanic-heritage-month-how-puerto-rico-celebrates-its-cultural-roots-in-september/
https://aftvoices.org/embracing-my-ta%C3%ADno-heritage-146a53b552b8
https://ballotpedia.org/Citizenship_status_in_territories_of_the_United_States
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands
https://www.nps.gov/viis/learn/historyculture/indigenous-peoples.htm
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arawak
https://www.puertoricotravel.guide/blog/taino-symbols-and-meanings/

https://travelasker.com/which-indigenous-people-lived-on-the-island-of-puerto-rico/#:~:text=The%20Ta%C3%ADnos%20were%20the%20first%20known%20inhabitants%20of,with%20a%20hierarchy%20of%20chiefs%2C%20sub-chiefs%2C%20and%20commoners.

Photos
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12006703
https://blog.polynesianpride.co/guam-cultural-dance/
https://www.mapsland.com/oceania/mariana-islands/detailed-political-map-of-northern-mariana-islands
https://hablemosdeculturas.com/cultura-tainos/
https://www.travelweekly.com/Caribbean-Travel/Puerto-Rico-tour-highlights-the-Taino-people
https://www.worldatlas.com/
https://getwallpapers.com/
http://oneflightaway.com/
https://www.artofit.org/
https://wallpaperaccess.com/
https://www.earthtrekkers.com/
https://www.flickr.com/photos/74513229@N03/7524396020/in/photostream, CC BY-SA 2.0, TitoCaraballo
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=20178753
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=20178753

https://www.flickr.com/photos/74513229@N03/7524396020/in/photostream, CC BY-SA 2.0
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=20178753


https://www.haasjuwelier.nl/tsfml-world-map-with-guam-ymwks/
Image address)   https://i2.wp.com/i.insider.com/5d60599e6f24eb297f0ee5e2?width=1100&format=jpeg&auto=webp

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=20178753https://www.flickr.com/photos/74513229@N03/7524396020/in/photostream, CC BY-SA 2.0

https://ufwkk5.quioneroudle.com/click.php?key=0xwzal3dg7hufvc8xa3u&COST_CPC=&PUBLISHER_ID=327252&ZONE_

https://royalcoconutcoast.com/kauai-history/?gad_source=5&gad_campaignid=21184238597&gclid=EAIaIQobChMIy-KXpI3wjwMV3K5aBR2SdBmAEAAYAiAAEgJ5tfD_BwE


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ITALIAN BABY GANGS: School Dropouts, not toddlers

9/22/2025

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“You will be the same person in five years as you are today except for the people your meet and the books you read.” ~ ​Charles “Tremendous” Jones, Motivational Author and Speaker 

How true that is! Before reading a recent book by Donna Leon, I had never heard of the phenomenal problem with “Baby Gangs” in Italy, or if I had heard something, I didn’t pay attention. And I listen to the Italian news channels on TV nearly every day with my husband but don’t translate the words. My bad!

WHAT IS AN ITALIAN “BABY GANG”?
Is it this? 
▼                                                       Or this? ▼ 
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  Image Source: tuscanynowandmore.com                                                                              Image Source: restoalsud.it
Unfortunately, we are talking about those children on the right.

Italian Baby Gangs are described by Paul Tierney, writing for independent.co.uk/news as, “Barely pubescent, menacing gangs known to locals as ‘children of the devil’. You hear them before you see them: a low, feral rumble rising to something shrill and uncomfortable. Lungs bellow for prominence, limbs kick and shove. Around the corner they emerge, tanned legs and bum-fluff moustaches, hormones not so much burgeoning as exploding into action.”

These boys and girls, 12 to 15 years old and under, are thought to be a symptom of malaise in Italy resulting from an era of economic crisis. They roam the streets without purpose, some in oversized designer streetwear, shoving one another into the roads, voraciously smoking cigarettes, and taking over the sidewalks “like a squadron of designer rug rats”.


Some believe the gangs are second-generation Italians, some white, some migrants. They don’t share ethnicity or background but invisibility. Children growing up in a vacuum of attention, structure, and love.        Nihilistic attacks, often on other young people, have resulted in fatalities 
                                                                                    
      Image Credit: Alamy ▼- Image Source: independent.co.uk/news
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WHY NAPLES?
Although Naples is particularly well known in Europe for Baby Gangs, the phenome-non exists throughout Italy--Donna Leon’s book was set in Venice–and the gangs’ ebullient attitude and ill-suppressed violence have become a national dilemma.
 
Anything can set these undisciplined youth gangs off, resulting in violent attacks, sometimes with multiple fatalities. They are ruleless and, on general principles, go against anything society tells them.

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The problem in Naples is characterized as stemming from “…a population who live in silent fear of organized crime...La Camorra." Organized crime knows that in Italy children under 14 cannot be prosecuted to the same degree as an adult and so targets them to commit specific crimes. They can give kids money, cars, designer clothes. In southern Italy, you are always judged by what you wear. It’s a way of showing people how much money you’ve got, or what kind of class you belong to. Kids have to and want to belong to something, and the more popular the better. The young minds are indoctrinated with the idea that you don’t need to go to school or have a career to have it all, and this is how the recruitment begins.

James Anderson, contributing editor at i-D magazine, attributes baby gangs to the internet.
“Being exposed to life, in both its fabulous and gory extremes, does strange things to adolescent minds…To be looked at, talked about, admired or vilified, it’s the classic way of “showing out”. Young people want to do things on their own terms and they are demanding your attention in ever more lurid ways.”

HISTORY OF GANG CUTURE
Youth Gangs are nothing new in Italy. Teenagers for generations have congregated in the piazzas looking for kicks, and it’s mostly been tutto bene. In the mid-1950s, the young swooned to American jazz, immortalized the cup of coffee, and hopped onto scooters to circle the Colosseum.

In the mid-1980s, a “scene” called the Paninari evolved around a pre-McDonalds burger place in Milan named Burghy. This youth gang was right-wing, flashy, show-off kids who wanted to signal how rich their parents were by showing off what they could afford.

However, since the mid-1990s, there have been growing demonstrations of antisocial behaviors in public spaces throughout Europe, causing increased public and political concern with regard to criminal activity. Until about 2000, Italian baby gangs, had not traditionally meant as a 'security' problem, but rather as a matter of educational and social policies.

The advent of social-media, however, is believed to have introduced more violence into juvenile street group activities, including Baby Gangs, and has become a recurrent topic in media representation, a source of citizens' insecurity, and focus of legislative and law enforcement activity. researchgate.net/Youth_deviance

Nowadays, these groups make videos of their activities on mobile phones and post them on the internet, vying for gang dominance. One preferred method of asserting such dominance is the stesa – a term that comes from the word stendere (“to stretch out”) – the gang bursts into a public space, “riding mopeds and firing at random, usually in the air.”

There is safety in numbers, and the baby gang culture definitely understands this. These gangs want to go incognito; they want to look like they are going something illegal – or are really doing it -- and don’t want to be identified.


WHAT IS ITALY DOING ABOUT THIS?
Italy has some stringent laws about how children under 14 are to be dealt with in relation to illegal activities, making it difficult to address the problems with “Baby Gangs”. Because so much of the phenomenon seems to be tied to dropping out of school, in 2023 Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni signed a measure which crackdowns on parents of Italian children who drop out of school. They could even face jail sentences under new steps to counter juvenile delinquency in the wake of a series of high profile crimes blamed on teenagers.


Italy has the fifth-highest share of school dropouts in Europe, 11.5% in 2022, with percentages peaking above 15% in Campania and Sicily, the regions that comprise Naples and Palermo. reuters.com/italy-govt-targets-parents-baby-gang

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◄ Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni
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"Juvenile crime is spreading like an oil stain," Meloni said. Indicating that the state had preferred to shy away from tackling the problem in the past, she stressed that "…nobody wants to throw 12-year-olds in jail…the measures are ‘preventative, not repressive’, and are part of a crackdown on youth crime.” wantedinrome.com/news

Although the problem hasn’t gone away since, the measure went into effect, cities and provinces are passing similar laws.

​
JUST SAYIN’
Sources:
https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/italy-govt-targets-violent-teens-parents-baby-gang-crackdown-2023-09-07/
https://www.independent.co.uk/topic/young-people
https://www.thinktank.vision/en/media-en/articles/young-blood-naples-baby-gangs
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/baby-gangs-italy-causes-consequences-solutions
https://theurbanactivist.com/cohesion/italian-rapper-gets-real-on-baby-gangs/
https://www.familyandmedia.eu/en/baby-gangs-what-they-are-what-they-do-and-what-we-can-do-about-them/
https://www.centromachiavelli.com/en/2021/05/29/milano-capitale-crimine-bande-baby-gang-rapine-degrado/
https://www.straitstimes.com/world/europe/italy-govt-targets-violent-teens-and-parents-in-baby-gang-crackdown
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7730211/
https://www.interno.gov.it/it/notizie/mappatura-nazionale-baby-gang-realta-aumento-italia
https://medium.com/@darkitaly/italys-lost-youth-baby-gangs-and-the-violence-we-refuse-to-see-1a31b835a7d4
https://fra.europa.eu/en/databases/criminal-detention/node/7999
https://www.wantedinrome.com/news/italy-to-crack-down-on-youth-crime.html
https://www.milanopost.info/2025/04/09/legge-regionale-baby-gang/
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377336266_Youth_deviance_urban_security_and_moral_panic_the_case_of_Italy
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/long_reads/italy-young-people-i-bambini-del-diavolo-mafia-organised-crime-fashion-a8525416.html

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THE ELEPHANT ORPHAN PROJECT

9/13/2025

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Because September 22 is World Elephant Appreciation Day, I thought it fitting to post this blog about the elephant rescue and rehabilitation projects in Africa.

ELEPHANT FACTS
African Elephants, the noblest of pachyderms, are the largest land mammal on earth today. We've all seen them in zoos and perhaps at the circus, but up close and personal, they are really big.

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​Their average life span in the wild is 70 years. Their height at the shoulder is from 8.2 to 13 feet, and can weight from 2.5 to 7 tons. They are slightly larger than their Asian cousins and can be identified by the larger ears. Asian elephants have smaller, rounded ears.  Height comparison between elephant and man ►
                                                           Image Source: letstalksport.co.uk


Elephant ears radiate heat to help keep these large animals cool, but sometimes the African heat is too much. Elephants are fond of water and enjoy showering by sucking water into their trunks and spraying it all over themselves. Afterwards, they often spray their skin with a protective coating of dust. An elephant's trunk is actually a long nose used for smelling, breathing, trumpeting, drinking, and also for grabbing things—especially a potential meal. The trunk alone contains about 100,000 different muscles.
   ▼ Image Credit: R. Ann Siracusa (2008)
   

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Elephants are social animals and travel in herds of 6 to 12 (but can expand to about 20). The family consists of the matriarchal head, her daughters, and their calves. The matriarch dictates where the herd goes and helps to teach the younger elephants proper behavior. Female elephants, or cows, live in multigenerational family groups with other females, and they remain with their natal group for life, sharing responsibility for calves. The females assist each other with the birth and care of their young.
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Males stay with the family until they reach 12 to 15 years of age, when they leave the herd to live alone or join up with other bulls. Male and female elephants live separately with bulls only visiting when some of the females are in their mating season, known as estrus.
​

Elephants are a keystone species and dramatically affect their landscape. They are seed dispersers and influence forest composition, creating clearings to boost tree regrowth and reducing cover to create suitable habitat for browsing and grazing animals.

AN ELEPHANT RIDE

In 2008, I traveled in Zimbabwe, Botswana, South Africa, and Namibia. There, we not only observed and photographed elephants in the wild...but we rode them. To be truthful, we rode elephants that are part on an elephant rescue project and not in the wild.

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​Poaching is a major issue throughout Africa, as well as loss of habitat. The Victoria Falls Wildlife Trust plays a role in the rescue of injured or trapped animals and their rehabilitation. This is one of the many elephant rescuse/ rehabilitation projects in Africa.
                                                            Image Credits: R. Ann Siracusa
            Ann, her friend Shirley Wilder, and Donald (the keeper), riding Tatu.
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          ▼Members of tour group mounting their elephant.

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​Mounting the elephant in this fashion proved to be hazardous. When the elephant stood, the passengers tipped back and nearly fell off. The rest of us made the smart choice and climbed steps to a wooden platform more or less level with the elephant's back. Still, the animals are so big that it wasn't easy getting into the saddle.

The elephants we rode are part of a program which rescues injured and "homeless" elephants. Usually, these are babies who have lost their mothers or sick elephants left behind by the herd. After they are brought back to health, and when they are old enough, some of them provide tourists with a half-hour to forty five minute thrill. This helps finance the rescue program.

The older elephants are not released back into the wild even though elephants are social animals and one of the few species that will take outsiders into the herd. However, they accept the outsides on a trial basis, but if the visitor misbehaves, it may be thrown out.

Donald told us he had taken care of Tatú for fifteen years.


THE ELEPHANT ORPHAN PROJECT
The African elephant is endangered due to poaching (for ivory) and loss of range through deforestation. In the early 1900s, there were about 10 million elephants in Africa. By 1970 there were 1.3 million; by 2007, somewhere between 500,000 and 700,000; by 2016, only an estimated 352,000 survived. According to ourworldindata.org/,  in 2024 the estimated African elephant population in the wild was 415,000. Asian elephants number 40,000 to 50,000. As of 2021, the African elephant species is on the IUCN Red List of Endangered and Critically Endangered Species.

​    ▼Image Source:www.foxnews.com/ivory-poaching

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​Elephant Orphanages exist in several locations in Africa, but the most significant is in Kenya. It exists within the Nairobi National Park under the auspices of the David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust. The project was previously overseen by Dr. Daphne Sheldrick, who died in 2018 at the age of 83. The mantle of matriarch passed to her daughter Angela, who had  run the program for over 17 years, supported by her husband Robert Carr-Hartley, and sons Taru and Roan. 

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                                      Dr. Sheldrick and daughters, Angela Sheldrick & Jill Woodley.►
                             Image Credit:The David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust/A.F.P.,Getty Images
                             Image Source: www.nytimes.com/2018/04/17/obituaries


At the heart of the Sheldrick Wildlife Trust's conservation activities is the Orphan’s Project, which has achieved world-wide acclaim through its successful elephant and rhino rescue and rehabilitation program. According to 2018 data, they had successfully raised 247 orphan elephants and hand raised 140 infants. In addition, 31 babies had been born in the wild, off spring of orphans raised and released back into the wild.

After each orphan rescue, the long and complex rehabilitation process begins at the DSWT’s Nursery, nestled within the Nairobi National Park. During this crucial phase, milk-dependent elephant calves are cared for and healed both emotionally and physically by the Trust’s dedicated team of elephant Keepers. Each elephant remains at the Nursery until they are ready to journey to one of two rehabilitation stockades in Tsavo East National Park, over one hundred miles southeast of Nairobi. This second phase of rehabilitation sees each orphan gradually transition back into the wild herds of Tsavo, taking up to ten years before the orphans can finally return to the wild.

YOU CAN "ADOPT" AN ELEPHANT
As with most mammals, the baby elephant's world is its mother, then the extended family. Elephants are particularly vulnerable to psychological despair if it loses its natural family. Even bulls, which separate from pod, never forget their female family.

In the orphanages, the elephants need a replacement human family i.e. enough keepers to represent a “family”. The orphan needs physical and mental care to grow up psychologically stable. If they are psychologically unstable and neurotic they will not be welcomed into the wild herds and risk rejection.


The keepers are with the young elephants 24 hours a day, traveling with them as a group during the day, sleeping with them at night. Babies need contact at all times. Keepers rotate so that a different keeper sleeps with a different elephant each night, to avoid strong attachments to just one person.

Source of Images:
​www.nytimes.com/2018/04/17/obituaries/daphne-sheldrick-who-saved-orphaned-elephants-has-died-at-83.html

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As you can imagine, the orphanage costs a lot, in part because they are labor intensive, in part because elephants eat a lot. As part of the funding raising, you can adopt a particular elephant for fifty dollars and contribute to their upbringing, while receiving information about the rescue and ongoing progress report and photos. There are pages of elephants waiting for adoption. Contact https://www.sheldrickwildlifetrust.org/orphans
JUST SAYIN’

Current Sources
:
https://nationaldaycalendar.com/elephant-appreciation-day-september-22
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/apr/24/dame-daphne-sheldrick-obituary
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/424534702347703553/?lp=true
https://www.elephantand.co/blogs/blog/world-wide-elephant-charities
https://gifts.worldwildlife.org/gift-center/gifts/species-adoptions/african-elephant.aspx
https://www.foxnews.com/science/queen-of-ivory-africas-infamous-poaching-mastermind-nabbed
https://sciencing.com/elephants-mate-4574022.html
https://secure.awf.org/page/161332/donate/1?utm_campaign=fy26_brand&supporter.appealCode=b26qa5e01w&utm_source=bing&utm_term=cpc&utm_content=null&msclkid=eb75579d593a13bb5ef63febf2f6e288&utm_medium=cpc
https://ourworldindata.org/elephant-populations
https://www.sheldrickwildlifetrust.org/nursery-visit
https://www.ourendangeredworld.com/david-sheldrick-wildlife-trust/
https://www.sheldrickwildlifetrust.org/orphans
Prior Sources:
http://vicfallswildlifetrust.org/VFWT%20Website/Wildlife%20Rescue.html
https://www.safarious.com/en/posts/4555-elephant-rescue-at-camp-hwange
http://www.rescue.org/program/programs-zimbabwe
http://www.amanzitravel.co.uk/rhino-and-elephant-sanctuary
http://www.afrizim.com/Activities/Victoria_Falls/Elephant_Rides.asp
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/a/african-elephant/
http://www.elephantsforever.co.za/family-structure.html
http://www.cnn.com/2016/08/31/africa/great-elephant-census/index.html
http://mentalfloss.com/article/82974/10-royal-facts-about-babar-elephant
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LABOR DAY: celebrating American Workers

8/31/2025

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Today in the United States September 1 is celebrated as Labor Day: The last bastion of summer; the last big hurrah; the three-day weekend of barbeques and beaches before autumn sets in.  The holiday is meant to honor the American worker -- The average Jacks and Jills who go to work every day, make living, raise families, and making this country function. But it didn't begin as fun and games and backyard BBQues.

THE ORIGINAL LABOR DAY
Back in the 19th century, while some children in white danced around May poles to celebrate spring, other children worked in coal mines and performed other hard-labor. The Second Industrial Revolution witnessed numerous workers dying every day from long hours and terrible working conditions, and everyone breathed the smoke-filled air belching in black clouds from industrial smoke stacks.

Workers began to grumble about working conditions, and labor organizations sprang up both in Europe and America. In 1866, the National Labor Union was formed in the US as people become vocal about their rights, the need for safer conditions, and shorter work hours.


THE HAYMARKET RIOTS
Chicago had been a center of work-related agitation for some time, and a railroad strike in 1877 had ended in violence. In 1884, the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions (FOTLU) chose to hold their national convention in Chicago where they issued an ultimatum that after May 1, 1886, the legal work day would be eight hours.

Two years later, when that FOTLU deadline approached, “an estimated quarter million workers in the Chicago area became directly involved in the crusade to implement the eight hour work day, including the Trades and Labor Assembly, the Socialistic Labor Party and local Knights of Labor,” according to an archived synopsis published by the Industrial Workers of the World in 1993. ​msn.com/en-us/the-real-history-of-may-day/

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​Image Source: www.pixels.com
​
The generally quiet demonstration broke out in violence on May 3 at McCormick Reaper Works, where police and demonstrators clashed and set off a vicious scuffle that left several workers dead.
The next day, a large crowd gathered at Chicago’s Haymarket Square to protest the previous day’s killings. At first, the proceedings were civilized, and even Chicago mayor Carter Harrison attended. Then someone in the crowd threw an explosive at the police. In reaction, law enforcement officers fired indiscriminately into the crowd which included workers and their own police officers.


Chaos and violence ensued between police and demonstrators with by-standers in between. At least 7 policemen were killed and sixty others injured. Sources claim as many demonstrators and civilians were killed and injured (without giving any statistics).

Reliable witnesses testified that all the pistol flashes came from the center of the street, where the police were standing, and none from the crowd. Moreover, initial newspaper reports made no mention of firing by civilians. A telegraph pole at the scene was filled with bullet holes, all coming from the direction of the police.
                                                                    
The Eight Men Convicted of Murder -- Haymarket affair in Chicago
                                                                                                                           I mage Source: pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/chicago-eight

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​The friction between United States authorities and the labor move-ment continued from there. Eight anarchists were arrested and con-victed for murder for throwing the explosive at the police, even though only three were even present at Haymarket and those three were in full view of all when the bombing occurred. In 1889, May Day was chosen as the date for “International Workers’ Day” to commemorate the men convicted of the Haymarket affair murders, and the struggle for an eight-hour working day.

THE PULLMAN STRIKE
The Pullman Strike was two interrelated strikes in 1894 that shaped national labor policy in the United States during a period of deep economic depression.

The Pullman Strike occurred in Illinois on May 11, 1894. Without going into the gory details, three thousand railroad workers went on a wildcat strike without the authorization of their union because of the way George Mortimer Pullman, founder and president of the Pullman Palace Car Company, treated his workers.

Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pullman_Strike

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​Ultimately, in trying to subdue the riots, thirty people were killed by the US Military and US Marshalls (some sources say hundreds, other say just a few). President Grover Cleveland made peace with the labor people, but fearing further conflict, the US Congress voted to approve rush legislation establishing Labor Day a national holiday. On June 28, 1894 (only a few days after the end of the strike), President Grover Cleveland signed into law a piece of legislation that created a national Labor Day Holiday in early September.

LABOR DAY IN THE US
Since 1882, various states and cities had been celebrating their own versions of Labor Day at different times of the year, but this action set the date for a national holiday and moved the event away from the May 1 “Workers’ Day”, the recognized date for radical labor protests in Europe.

The US. Congress feared the holiday would be associated with nascent Communist, Syndicalist and Anarchist movements and would appear to celebrate the labor riots of 1884, the Haymarket Affair in 1886, and other May Day riots.  Everything is political, isn't it?

LABOUR DAY AND INTERNATIONAL WORKER’S DAY
International Worker's Day recognizes the International Labor Movement and is celebrated on May 1 in at least eighty countries in the world, including most of Europe.
May 1 continues to be the day for protesting labor and other issues in these countries.

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World Map showing May 1 Celebrations
Image Credit and Source: www.officeholidays.com
Red = Labour Day; Lt. Green = May Day, or Spring Celebration
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In 80+ countries people celebrate Labour Day with a protest.
Labour Day protests in Indonesia
Image Source: www.en.tempo.com

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      In the United States we celebrate Labor        Day by kicking back with a beer.
Image Source: www.camtrader.ca
JUST SAYIN!
□
Sources:
https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2023/09/03/what-is-labor-day-and-why-do-we-celebrate-the-holiday-what-to-know/70667832007/
https://medium.com/@iluv2run5k/5-surprising-facts-about-labor-day-99add55260c4

https://www.learnreligions.com/beltane-rites-and-rituals-2561678
https://www.livefromtheloungepodcast.com/post/ep-10-history-of-labor-day-pullman-strike-of-1894
www.thefreedictionary.com/May+Day
https://www.history.com/topics/holidays/history-of-may-day
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Day
https://nationaltoday.com/may-day/
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/445082375663782263/
https://www.vintagechicagopostcards.com/2020/11/haymarket-square-clash-between-police.html
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/chicago-eight-anarchists
https://daily.jstor.org/how-labor-lost-may-day/
https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1851-1900/The-first-Labor-Day/
https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/other/the-real-history-of-may-day/ar-BB1g7fq4?fullscreen=true&cvid=0c753a732e594f5293cc01dae5656548#image=1
https://www.telesurenglish.net/multimedia/Workers-Right-Groups-Commemorate-May-Day-Worldwide-20190501-0013.html
https://thenewamerican.com/traditional-may-day-protests-in-france-become-violent-riots/
https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/world/2017/may/01/may-day-in-pics-protesters-worldwide-demand-better-work-conditions-higher-wages-100415.html
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    Author R. Ann Siracusa

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